Cell Biology Meiosis and Mitosis

Cell biota (CP8121) Experiment 2 observant Mitosis and reduction division on electric cellular phone specimens (Formal report) Name Wong Chung An Class DMLS/FT/1B/02 Admin enactment P1138687 Summary This taste aims to observe mitosis and meiosis on cell specimens. It involves the example of the stages of meiosis and also the staining functionings to identify mitosis in onion plant pedestal tip. There atomic number 18 deuce parts to the procedure of the experiment whereby the inaugural is staining and observing mitosis in onion etymon tips and the second creation observing and comparing mitosis between whitefish blastula and onion radix tip.The results argon that the five stages of mitosis have been spy and sketched, to renther with a comparison of telophase in plant and animal cells. The difference between the two types of cell member mitosis and meiosis has also been recorded. The conclusion is that either the objectives of the experiment have been met and it is advoc ateed that the mitotic bower be stained for a more complete picture of the miscellaneous stages of mitosis. 1) Introduction It is important that the experiment is carried come forth so as to say between the two types of nuclear division, mitosis and meiosis.Mitosis is a operation mainly for the harvest-home and replacement of somatic cells and it involves the replication of chromosomes which results in having two little girl cells to all(prenominal) one same as the p arent nucleus. On the contrary, meiosis is for the production of gametes which is internal for an organisms reproduction and it comprises of two successive nuclear divisions which results in the production of four haploid cells. Mitosis A process which replicates chromosomes exactly so that each of the daughter cells contains identical information.The process of mitosis involves five stages. The five stages are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase respectively. Meiosis A process whereby two successive nuclear divisions go away produce four haploid cells. There are two rounds of cell division in meiosis, mainly meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I is identical to that of mitosis whereas meiosis II is a round of reductional division. The process of meiosis has suffered for an escalation of genetic variations because of the crossing over of the genes.This process is crucial as it produces half the number of chromosomes as per the human sex cells. For humans, every gamete contains 23 chromosomes and fertilisation of an egg by a sperm will revivify the diploid number of 46 chromosomes 2) Objectives * Learn a staining procedure to identify mitosis using onion understructure tip. * Compare and contrast mitosis in plants and animals. * Compare and contrast stages of mitosis and meiosis * Model stages of meiosis. 3) Procedures (a) Preparation and observation of onion root tip slide ) An onion root tip was obtained and the introductory 1-3mm of its root tip was cut score u sing a scalpel. The root tip was thusly placed at the centre of a moderately slide using a forceps. 2) Then, the root tip was covered with 2-3 drops of 1N HCL radical and then placed over the hot plate for 3-5 seconds using a slide holder. 3) Without touching the root tip, the redundance acid was then blotted off using a paper towel. 4) afterward which, the root tip was then covered once again, this time in 3-4 drops of 0. 5% Toluidine Blue radical. 5) The excess stain was blotted off and a cover slip was added. ) To spread out the stained root tip for visualisation, the slide was placed in the meat of a folded paper towel and applied pressure upon by placing the hitchhike directly above the cover slip and having it gently pressed on against a lab bench. 7) The slide was examined on low power on the microscope and embryonic cells which are square-like were looked for. 8) Once the mitotic figures were found, the microscope was switched to a higher(prenominal)er power. 9) The phases that were seen were sketched on the datasheet. (b) contemplation of disposed(p) slides Mitosis in Onion root tip & Whitefish blastula ) The prepared slides provided were reviewed by using a low power (10x) to locate the cells and high power (40x) to change the focus. 2) This time, instead of sketching the different phases of mitosis in onion root tip, the differences in mitosis between the plant and animal cells were recorded. 4) Results and Discussion *For the results, refer to the datasheet archived below appendix at the end of the report. 5. 1 Explanation and reasons for results The results of the datasheet have shown that all the five main phases of mitosis can be observed.This can because of several reasons much(prenominal) as the choice of use of onion root tips, flattening of the onion root tips, addition of hydrochloric acid and 0. 5% Toluidine Blue solution. Onion root tips are easy to grow in large numbers and the cells at its tips are actively dividing, thus m any of its cells will be in different stages of mitosis. The reason for using the last 1-3mm of the root tip is because it is where the region of cell division (meristem) is located. This is the region whereby cells are dividing but not significantly increase in size.The flattening of the onion root tips allows the chromosomes of each individual cell to be observed. The hydrochloric acid added, plays a part in fragmenting the root wanders by enfeebling and removing the bonds between cells so that each cell will not be attached to the other cell, obstructing the observation. Toluidine Blue solution acts as a colorant, bragging(a) a blue colour to the chromosomes and so that it is more easily spotted and examined. 5. 2 Evaluation of the results achieved Interphase The interphase is the phase in which the cell is involved in metabolic activity and fulfilling its role as part of a tissue in the body.During this phase, the DNA duplicates as it is preparing for mitosis and the chromos omes are cannot be easily distinguished. However, the nucleolus, a dark spot may be visible instead. Prophase During the prophase, the chromatin inwardly the nucleus will begin to condense and become visible in the microscope as chromosomes. Then the nuclear membrane will dissolve, signalling the beget of Prometaphase. After which, proteins would then attach to the centromeres, creating kinetochores in which the microtubules will attached to. The chromosomes would then start moving.Metaphase The chromosomes would then be aligned by the spindle fibres at the equator of the spindle. This concretion helps to ensure that in the anaphase, when the chromosomes are separated, each of the new nucleuses will meet a copy of each of the chromosomes. Anaphase In the anaphase, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome at the centromeres would start to separate. This faecal matter is due to the shortening of the kinetochore microtubules. Telophase The two sets of daughter chromosomes woul d arrive at the two poles and the mitotic spindle would disappear.A nuclear envelope would start to form around each set of daughter chromosomes at both ends of the poles. Cytokinesis may have also begun during this phase depending on each individual cell. 5. 3 Descriptions of problems encountered The problem that we have encountered during this experiment was during the cookery of the first slide of onion root tip. The amount of toluidine blue solution may not be enough as only a few of the cell nucleus have been stained. This makes it difficult for us characteristic the various stages of mitosis.This problem is resolved however by making a new set of the onion root tip slide. 5) Conclusions and Recommendations In conclusion, the experiment was a success and all of the objectives of the experiments were met. All five stages of mitosis have been observed and a comparison of mitosis between plant and animal cells has been made. Although we did not get to observe the stages of meios is, we have modelled the stages of meiosis and acquired knowledge of it. In my opinion, I would recommend that the mitotic spindles of the onion root tip cells be stained as well.This would allow a more in depth observation of mitosis and instead of merely looking at the movement of the chromosomes and the nucleus, we could observe the reason behind the movement of the chromosomes. 6) Appendix http//www. marietta. edu/biol/introlab/Onion%20root%20mitosis. pdf Clark, D. C. and P. M. Mathis. (2000). Modeling mitosis and meiosis a problem-solving activity. The American Biology instructor Mickle, J. E. 1990. A model for teaching mitosis and meiosis. The American Biology Teacher Carmen Chan Yuen Man (2011). Cell Biology lecture notes (CP8121). Singapore Polytechnic.