Segregation And Discrimination In Texas Essays - Reconstruction Era

Segregation And Discrimination In Texas Segregation and Discrimination that effected Black Texans and Mexican Americans in Texas Historians have described the early twentieth century as the nadir of race relations in this country. Ironically, populism, which tried to create a biracial political coalition, helped to encourage segregation in the south. Attempting to prevent any coalition of blacks and poor white farmers, establishment Democratic politicians frequently demonstrated their Negrophobia by accusing blacks of having inherently inferior racial characteristics and warning that such innate flaws threatened society. There began a move to make African Americans outsiders, governed by political leaders for whom they could not vote and segregated by law and custom into a separate society. The movement largely succeeded. In rural areas of Texas, most blacks did not vote, as they became victims of all white primaries. As black Texans migrated to cities, however, they acquired some voting power. Excluded from political participation, black Texans watched as white officials segregated public facilities. The state legislature in 1910 and 1911 ordained that railroad stations must have separate waiting rooms and separate water fountains and restrooms existed at public facilities. It was virtually impossible for the black citizens to stay at major hotels; to eat in better restaurants, to attend most cultural or other entertainment events unless segregated, inferior seating sections were provided. Vigilante style violence as well as law enforcement agencies upheld the separate and unequal society. Texas ranked third nationally in lynching, as mobs killed over 100 blacks between 1900 and 1910. In 1916, race riots erupted periodically throughout the period. White prejudice included animosity toward black troops in the U.S. Army. Brownville whites objected to the stationing of the all black Twenty fifth Infantry at Fort Brown. They charged that the troops raided the city in 1906 in protest of discriminatory practices. Later evidence demonstrated the unfairness of the charges, but by that time President Theodore Roosevelt had dishonorably discharged 160 of the troops. Black soldiers resentment of segregation flamed into a clash with white citizens in 1917 in Houston. Without recourse to political power, blacks in Texas, as in the rest of the nation, often chose both accommodation and resistance to segregation. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded a chapter in 1912 in Houston, and by 1930 it had organized thirty others in the state. A Texas committee on interracial violence organized in1928 to fight extra legal acts against blacks. By then both the Dallas Morning news and the San Antonio Express had condemned lynchings. The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, led by Jessie Daniel Ames of Texas, mobilized strong moral opposition to violence during the 1930s. By then, most church organizations and Congressman Maury Maverick of San Antonio, who later supported a federal antilynching law, were on record as opposing racial violence. In 1942 last lynching in Texas took place. The majority of blacks stayed in rural areas, where they worked as tenants and farm laborers. As cotton prices fell, their chances to acquire their own farms decreased. Some turned to the Farmer's Improvement Society, organized by R.L. Smith in the 1890s. A Colored Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union was founded in Dallas in 1905. Other organizations established farmers' institutes and local cooperative associations. These organizations all spoke of accommodation and self help to counteract poverty and segregation. But rural Texans remained poor, and black poverty exceeded that of most whites. Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican and the organizer of the Universal Negro Association, advocated black pride, a back-to-Africa movement, and the development of black enterprises. His attempt to found a local chapter in Dallas in 1922 met with opposition, as did the efforts of Sam, from many black leaders and middle-class African Americans. The expanding economy of the 1920s did open new employment opportunities for black males as porters and chauffeurs and in building trades and oil refining. Except as janitors and laborers, the public sector hired few African Americans. The segregated communities produced a small black bourgeoisie. Ministers and teachers composed the largest occupational group of black professionals in 1930. The number of black undertakers went from 1 in 1900 to 198 in 1929, and they joined the black bourgeoisie of the period. Most black Texans lacked financial

Captain vs. Master

Captain vs. Master Captain vs. Master Captain vs. Master By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a ship’s captain and a ship’s master? In contemporary usage, not much, but historically, the titles represented quite distinct roles. Captain is more common in modern usage, but master is more historically accurate. Captain derives ultimately from the Latin term caput, meaning â€Å"head† and related to other words beginning with cap- such as capital; capitaneus, meaning â€Å"chief,† and the French word capitaine, meaning â€Å"leader,† are the intermediate forms. Master, originating in the Latin word magis, meaning â€Å"more,† stems from magister, which also means â€Å"chief† as well as â€Å"director† or teacher.† In the Middle Ages, the man in charge of a ship, often but not always the owner, was called the master; this usage stems from imperial Rome. On the high seas, where delay or dissension could lead to destruction and death, the master had absolute authority, hence the title. However, before the advent of standing navies, civilian ships were often offered or impressed for use in transporting soldiers and their supplies from one place to another. When the captain of a company of soldiers brought the troops aboard for transport, he assumed military command of the ship, determining its destination and, if the ship engaged in hostilities at sea, directing the battle. In matters of sailing and maneuvering, though, the captain deferred to the master, who of course remained on board. (Before captain became a specific military rank, it designated a leader of roughly up to several hundred soldiers assembled for a specific battle or campaign. Much later, it became an official designation for a standing military unit of a circumscribed similar size.) As civilian ships were given long-term military roles, this division of responsibilities remained in effect: A captain had overall authority, but the master was responsibility for sailing operations. When permanent navies were established, roughly coincident with the establishment of standing armies, captain became a precise military rank in both settings. Master was also codified as the label for a specific posting; the master (sometimes called the sailing master) oversaw navigation and provisioning of the ship under direction of the captain, who by this time was a skilled mariner as well as a military leader. Naval captains and those commanding land-based units were and are not equivalent in rank: The largest ships in the Age of Sail eventually carried a thousand or more crew members, and ships often operated independently, requiring the captain to exercise great responsibility (and life-or-death authority), whereas an army captain commanded no more than a couple hundred men and was part of a more restrictive chain of command. Therefore, to this day, a navy captain holds a fairly high status in the naval hierarchy, whereas an army captain (or an officer with the equivalent rank in an air force or in the marines) has a comparatively minor role, though he or she must still demonstrate leadership skills. Even in the Middle Ages, a captain designated one or more lieutenants to assist him with command, to lead the company if he was absent or incapacitated, or to temporarily take responsibility for part of the unit. (The word lieutenant comes from the French phrase lieu tenant, meaning â€Å"deputy,† from words meaning â€Å"place† and â€Å"holder.†) Later, a ship was assigned one or more lieutenants depending on the size of the vessel. Meanwhile, master also briefly became a naval military rank below the rank of lieutenant, rather than a position, but it was phased out as naval vessels were increasingly powered by steam rather than sail. Other words that apply to naval command include commander, from an Old French word meaning â€Å"one who commands.† (The rank was originally styled â€Å"master and commander† to denote the commanding officer of a small vessel who doubled as the master, hence the Patrick O’Brian novel of that title and the related film starring Russell Crowe.) Commodore, the Dutch word derived from this term, came to apply to a captain given temporary command of a group of vessels and later became a specific rank above that of captain. (The similar term commandant is not a rank; it applies to an officer of any rank who commands a training facility or a prison.) Admiral, meanwhile, referring to a high-ranking naval officer in command of an entire navy or a fleet or major unit within one or the other, is from the Arabic word amir, meaning â€Å"military commander† (the source of emir, a modern word for an Arab leader) and, like captain, originally pertained to a land-based leader before it was applied to one who leads naval operations. On many modern civilian ships, the person in charge is officially referred to as the captain, whether or not there is a command hierarchy more or less based on naval tradition, though master is also common. In popular usage, however, captain came to prevail over master, so that, even now, the owner of a small pleasure craft will be referred to as â€Å"Captain† or â€Å"Skipper†; the latter word is derived from the Dutch word scipper, meaning â€Å"operator of a ship.† Skipper is also used formally to refer to the master of a small vessel such as a tugboat. Captain is used in other civilian command hierarchies, as in police and fire departments and the like, as well as to refer to the acknowledged leading athlete on a sports team, but master has not been adopted in such contexts from nautical usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?"Latter," not "Ladder"The Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Communication Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Portfolio - Essay Example I also appreciate the lessons that I learned in the lectures about the CCCD Model of Communication because it taught me to become persuasive and to communicate well. Having gone through the course, I believe that my goals and objectives had changed for the better. Before the class started, I must admit that I share most of student’s perspective to at least pass the subject and hopefully, to do well. This goal changed with the perspective and insight that I learned from the class. I believe I am now more â€Å"professionally oriented† because I now look forward on getting my dream job and to get that, I have to prepare as early as now. My former mindset of just passing the subject has changed from actually learning it and set small achievable goals that can lead to achieving my bigger goals. Goals also do progression and we just do not achieve bigger goals immediately. We have to accustom ourselves in setting smaller goals and achieving it and it helps to actually write them down because it felt like we are committed to them. There are few lessons that I would like bring up in this paper because it resonated in me or left a lasting impression. It is about the lesson in conscious communication and interviewing. This chapter is important to me because I used to dread interviews, presentation and being â€Å"interrogated by serious people†. But I realize that to get the job that I dreamed of, I have to handle if not master interviews and overcome my fear of it. And the course indeed helped me overcome my fear about interviews. It did sonot by telling me not to fear it but rather on understanding its dynamics and providing me the tools to be effective at it. I learned that interviews vary and not just those â€Å"scary ones† and each type of them has different type of interactions of which the course taught me. I am glad however that I am provided with the tools to overcome my anxiety with interviews and succeed with it by using the CCCD model for interview which set the parameters for the interview that taught me the steps to become effective at it. It made me realize the common mistakes committed during interviews and by realizing it, taught me to avoid it and not to commit the same mistake. I believe that this knowledge and skills I learned from the course such as the CCCD model for interviewing will be invaluable in getting my dream job in a very prestigious company. I can simplify what I learned from this CCCD model of interview as setting the goal for interview, how to deliver during interview and to practice it. Learning this tools made me more confident about myself and my goal has inadvertently changed as I gain more confidence. Now my goal is to realize my dream of getting into a prestigious company and working my dream job that is related to communication. I am aware that I still have a lot to learn to realize my goal but knowing the essence and foundation is essential for my future growth. From now on, I will consciously practice what I learned from CCCD to make it an inherent skill. Practice makes it perfect and I want this skill to become my nature so I have to practice it. I also have to equip myself with knowledge and ski

Analysis over a piece of art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis over a piece of art work - Essay Example earlier, all the elephants died in battle and naming the artwork after the general who thought of using the huge animals is an evident attempt of the artist to link her work to such cause. The sculptor used acrylic and glaze on metal, making the colors used come alive as they have an initial effect of catching the attention of viewers. An elephant could probably be of no meaning to anyone and might just be noticed by animal lovers like me however, Tovar’s Hannibal also presents a mysterious message that calls the audience to ponder about why it was created. Naturally, elephants have only one color but Tovar’s elephant has multiple colors mixed all over the body of the image which could be interpreted by viewers in a variety of ways. For me, I think this variation of colors tells that the advocacy communicated through the artwork is true regardless of where the elephants are located, whether in Italy, Africa, Asia or America. Moreover, it could also refer to whatever use the elephants are employed, whether in wars, zoos, or slaughtered for their ivories, their preservation should always be made a priority. Elephants are wonderful animals which are popular for their treasured tusks, strength and enormous size and their number is decreasing by the year because of irresponsible killings. Hannibal seems to tell people, ‘Hey, look at what you will lose if you keep killing us’. Tovar’s artwork is a freestanding sculpture in an open form that interacts with the spaces around it. This gives an unspoken message of ‘leave me alone’, believed to be related to the theme of the art. This and the vibrant colors of Hannibal plead humans to allow such beautiful creations live among people, in their natural habitat so that they may also enjoy the beauty of life. It could probably be impossible to say that we do not enjoy or appreciate the existence of elephants because they sure help humans in many ways and they are even made as pets in some countries. Therefore, as

Applied economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied economics - Essay Example ucted to establish the functions of human capital earnings and its impacts on the decomposition of the periodic earnings into linear function forms, in which the log of earnings serve as both the function of schooling measure in terms of years of experience in work and other factors representing heterogeneity within a cross-section sample of people observed, and dependent variables. This simple statistical model has however been faced by some limitations, i.e., biasness in the estimation of returns to education and endogeneity in the schooling variables. As a positively correlated function of the unobserved variable of ability, people with varied ability to work and learn are in most instances a better position to school for longer periods; hence this enhanced ability will have a reflection of higher wages within their occupations. Additionally, existence of a symmetric correlation between any of the independent variables such as schooling and the error term in an OLS regression can consequently lead to bias in the estimates. In this case, effects of ability/heterogeneity have to be random in the sample to avoid positive correlations. Card (1999) explored the causal relationship of education on earnings, and explicitly the study analysed the heterogeneity between schooling of twins in contrast to their earnings. The assumption in the study was that twins would have the same ability and other external influences so that differences in wages could be more accurately associated with differences in education. Card used the pooled sample of men and women standing up to 198,075 aged from 16 – 66 during the years 1994 to 1996. In this given time frame, the study targeted the differences between individuals having 10, 12 and 16 years of schooling to their returns. An OLS regression analysis was used to inspect the human capital earning with variety of hourly, weekly and annual earnings. The study findings explored an interesting impact of an instrumental factor family

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent Design, ultrasound assisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Sachin K. Bhosale, Shreenivas R. Deshpande  and Rajendra D. Wagh Design, ultrasound asisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Abstract: In an attempt to develop an effective and safer anticancer agent, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde 5 have been designed and synthesized under ultrasonication by formylation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-sydnone 4 and characterized by spectral studies. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Anticancer activity of the compounds were tested against 60 human tumor cell lines and compared with standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that compound 5 is most potent against NCI-H23 (Non-Small cell lung cancer) with comparative activity of Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). In future, research and modification of compounds to different derivatives may lead to development of potent anticancer drug. Keywords: Anticancer, 1, 2, 3-oxadiazol-5-olate, Formylation, Ultrasonication INTRODUCTION Mesoionic sydnone compounds have shown a variety of biological activities including antitumor ((Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003, Satyanarayana et al., 1995, Kavali et al., 2000, Dunkley et al., 2003, Fregly et al., 1964, Stewart et al., 1965, Roche et al., 1965). It is thought that the ionic resonance structures of the heterocyclic ring promote significant interactions with biological molecules. In 1992 a series of 4-substituted-3-nitrophenylsydnones were synthesized and evaluated by Grynberg et al for anticancer activity and it was found that the 4-chloro and the 4-pyrrolidino compounds significantly enhanced the survival of Sarcoma 180 (S180), Ehrlich carcinoma (Ehrlich) and Fibrous histiocytoma (B10MCII) tumor bearing mice(Dunkley et al., 2003). It was also found that the larger hetero rings; p-piperidino and p-morpholino, were less potent (Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003). Herein we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two para-chloro substit uted analogues of sudnone molecules 4 and 5. These were tested for 60 human tumor cell lines at the National Cancer Institute for antitumor activity at a minimum of five concentrations at 10-fold dilutions.The synthesized chloro substituted sydnones (4 and 5) passed the primary assay by inhibiting the growth of at least one cell line to less than 32%, and both are proved to be moderate active and versatile against each cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals and reagents were purchased form from Sigma-Aldrich, Mumbai, India. Melting points of the intermediates and the final products were recorded using a Systolic melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. Thin layer chromatographies (TLC) were performed on E-Merck precoated 60 F254 plates and the spots were rendered visible by exposing to UV light. Infra red spectra were recorded in KBr discs using Jasco FTIR 1460 Plus spectrometer. NMR spectra were obtained on a BRUKER AVANCE II 400 NMR spectrometer at 500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C, the chemical shifts are expressed in ÃŽ ´ (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS). Electron impact mass spectra were recorded on WATERS, Q-TOF MICROMASS (LC-MS) instrument. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were in full agreement with the proposed structures within  ±0.4% of the theoretical values. The ultrasonic irradiation was performed by using a Biotechnics India TM ultrasonic cleaner bath, model 1510, AC input 115 V, outp ut 50 W, 1.9 liters with a mechanical timer (60 min with continuous hold) and heater switch, 47 KHz. Synthesis of Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (1) A mixture of Para-Chloroaniline (2.80 g, 0.02mol) and chloroethyl acetate (2.12 mL, 0.02mol) was added to the solution of ethanol (20 mL) and anhydrous sodium acetate (3.28 g, 0.04mol) under ultrasonication conditions and allowed to react for 120 min. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of water and cooled in refrigerator for overnight and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 1 (83%), mp 114-116  ºC. IR (KBr): 3327, 2950, 2934, 2879, 1756, 1069; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 1.21 (t, 3H, COOCH2CH3), 3.76 (s, 1H, NH), 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.54 (q, 2H, COOCH2CH3), 6.83-7.21 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 14.65, 44.73, 62.07, 115.12, 123.22, 129.01, 146.26, 173.13. Synthesis of N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (2) Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (4.26 g, 0.02mol) and sodium hydroxide (1.2 g, 0.030mol) in ethanol was heated under ultrasonication conditions at 65  °C for 15 min and allowed to cool and acidified with dil HCl. Yield 87 %, mp 146-148  ºC. IR (KBr): 3319, 3277, 2951, 2937, 2879, 1703, 1063; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.39 (s, 1H, COOH), 6.55 (s, 1H, NH), 6.79-7.27 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 44.48, 115.02, 124.16, 130.02, 145.97, 171.98. Synthesis of N-nitroso (4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3) Ice cold solution of the N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3.72 g, 0.02mol) was added in crushed ice water (40 mL). A solution of sodium nitrite (1.38 g, 0.02mol) in ice cold water (10 mL) was added dropwise under ultrasonication condition at 0  °C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and precipitated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the filtrate. Precipitate was filtered and recrystallized in methanol to yield 3 (81%), mp 109-111  ºC. IR (KBr): 3255-2521, 2923, 2849, 1711, 1569, 1325, 1062; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 5.02 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.93-7.45 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 11.55 (s, 1H, COOH); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 49.42, 120.75, 128.29, 130.43, 138.78, and 169.25. Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone (4) Acetic anhydride (30 mL) was added to 3 (5.40 g, 0.0252 mol) under ultrasonication condition at room temperature for 60 min. The reaction mixture was left overnightat room temperature. The solution was poured slowly into cold water which was very well stirred. The crude sydnone was filtered, dried and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 4 (93%), mp 139-141  ºC. IR (KBr): 3181, 1748, 1053. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.23 (s, 1H, sydnone), 7.49-8.13 (m, 4H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 123.15, 126.49, 131.53, 136.13, 141.13, 170.07 Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) N-Methylformanilide 2.84g (0.0210mol) and phosphoryl chloride (3.17g, 0.0205mol) were mixed under ultrasonication conditions for 10 min. After 0.5 h, 3.0 g (0.0186mol) of 4 was added portionwise with swirling and cooling under ultrasonication below 350C. Hydrogen chloride was evolved vigorously. After standing overnight, the viscous, dark-brown mixture was dissolved in 15 ml. of acetone and poured (stirring) into 75 ml. of ice water. The yellow-orange precipitate was filtered, washed (cold water), and dried. Yield 56%, mp 75-77 0C. MS (M+) (m/e) 223.99, 225.996, 225.002. IR (KBr): 1790 (Ñ ´C=O sydnone ring), 1640 (Ñ ´C=O aldehyde). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3 (Cl-Ph-), 9.61 (Sydnone-4-CHO). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 127, 129, 129, 130, 130, 134 (Cl-Ph-) 190 (CHO). Element analysis: C; 48.13, H; 2.24, N; 12.47, O; 21.37 Scheme 1-Synthesis of 3-(substituted aryl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) under ultrasonication conditions 1.3. Anticancer screening The synthesized compound was screened for preliminary anticancer assay by National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, USA in an in vitro 60 human tumor cell panel. The process utilized 60 different human tumor cell lines of the leukemia, Non-small cell lung, Colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, Prostrate and breast cancers which was aimed in showing selective growth inhibition or cell killing of particular tumor cell lines by specific compound. The screening begins with the evaluation of selected compounds against these 60 cell lines at a single dose of 10-5 M. The output from the single dose screen is reported as a mean graph of the percent growth of treated cells. It allows detection of both growth inhibition (values between 0 and 100) and lethality (values less than 0) (Roschke et al., 2003, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Senff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Sen ff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011). RESULT Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). Details of % growth inhibition for comp. 4 (NSC 35759) 5 (NSC 774943/1) as shown in table 1. Table1 One dose mean graph for compound 4 (NSC: 35759) and compound 5 (NSC: 774943 / 1) Conc: 1.00E-5 Molar Table 2 Percent Growth inhibition of synthesized compounds against most effective cancer cell lines Figure1 Percentage growh inhibition for cytotoxic activity evaluation of synthesized ompounds Figure 2 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 4 Figure 3 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 5 Figure 4 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of standard anticancer drug Vincristine sulphate. DISCUSSION Molecules synthesized under ultrasonication conditions. The method provides several advantages over current reaction methodologies, including a simple work up procedure. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was also found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that out of 60 human tumor cell lines, compound 5 is highly effective against SNB-75 (CNS cancer) and UO-31 (Renal cancer) human tumor cell lines.Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). CONCLUSION In the process of anticancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-lung cancer agent, we designed and synthesized molecule 5. As compund 5 showed highly cytotoxicity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) in comparision to standard drug Vincristine sulphate, in future, research and development with designing desired modifications of molecule 4 and 5 may develop in safer and effective potential anticancer molecules. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to BCUD, University of Pune, INDIA (Project-13PHM000018) for financial assistance, NCI, USA for carrying out anticancer activity, SAIF Punjab University for spectral study, JNTU Hyderabad and Dr. Dhake A. S., SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Nasik (MS) India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interest. REFERENCES Kier LB, Dhawan D and Fregley MJ (1964) Synthesis of alkyl substituted sydnone carboxylic acids. J. Pharm. Sci., 53: 677. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett., 13(17): 2899-2901. Satyanarayana K and Rao MN (1995) Synthesis, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic testing of 4-[1-oxo-(3-substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-phenylsydnones and of 3-[4-[3-(substituted aryl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl] phenyl] sydnone J. Pharm. Sci., 84(2):263-6. Kavali JR and Badami BV (2000) 1, 5-Benzodiazepine derivatives of 3-arylsydnones: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-aryl-4-[2†²-aryl-2†², 4†², 6†², 7†²-tetrahydro-(1†²H)-1†², 5†²-benzodiazepine-4†²-yl] sydnones. IL Farmaco, 55: 406-409. Fregly MJ, Kier LB and Dhawan D (1964) Chloruretic, naturetic and depressor activities of some substituted sydnones. Tox Appl. Pharmacol., 6:529 Stewart TG and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of several mesoionic 1, 3,4-thiadiazoles. J. Pharm. Sci., 54:731. Roche EB and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of two 4,5- Dialkylsydnone J Pharm. Sci., 54: 1700. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series (VII) as potential antitumor agents. ChemInform, 34:129. Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE and Sellers WR (2005). Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature, 436 (7047):117-122. Adams S, Robbins FM, Chen D, Wagage D, Holbeck SL, Morse HC 3rd, Stroncek D and Marincola FM (2005). HLA class I and II genotype of the NCI-60 cell lines. J. Transl. Med., 3(1):11. Roschke AV, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, McTyre N, Bussey KJ, Lababidi S, Scudiero DA, Weinstein JN and Kirsch IR (2003) Karyotypic complexity of the NCI-60 drug screening panel. Cancer Res, 63(24):8634-8647. Lorenzi PL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Hutchinson AA, Pommier Y, Chanock SJ, Weinstein JN (2009) DNA Fingerprinting of the NCI 60 cell line panel. Mol. Cancer Ther, 8(4):713-24. Mingyi M, Longru S and LouMei Ji (2013) Synthesis and biological evaluation of Combretastatin A-4 derivatives containing a 3-O-substituted carbonic ether moiety as potential antitumor agents. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1):179. Al-Suwaidan IA, Alanazi AM Abdel-Aziz AA, Mohamed MA and El-Azab AS (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-mercapto-3-phenethylquinazoline bearing anilide fragments as potential antitumor agents: Molecular docking study. Bioorganic medicinal chemistry letters, 23:3935-3941. Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Franco CRC, Veiga SS and Oliveira MBM (2004) Cytotoxic effect of a new 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compound (MI-D) on cell lines of human melanoma. Br. J. Cancer; 91(2): 297–304. Butkovic K, Marinic Z and Sindler-Kulyka M (2011) Synthesis of 3-(o-stilbenyl) sydnone and 3-(o-stilbenyl)-4-substitutedsydnone derivatives and their antitumor evaluation. ARKIVOC, 1:15

A Mothers dream Essay -- essays research papers

A Mother's Dream For a lot children growing up, our mothers have been an complete part of what made us who we are. Mostly all good mothers want the best for their child and they are determine to do whatever it takes for them to get it. The central struggle in Amy Tan's story ‘‘Two Kinds'' is a battle of wills between the narrator, a young Chinese-American girl, and her mother, a Chinese immigrant. "Two Kinds'' is a coming-of-age story, in which the narrator, Jing-mei, struggles to forge her own sense of identity in the face of her strong-willed mother's dream that she become a "prodigy.'' Suyuan, Jing-mei's mother, believes in the American Dream. With hard work, she feels that Jing-Mei can be anything she wants to be in this great country. After all, Suyuan does not want her daughter to ever suffer the kind of deprivation and tragedies that she had to endure in China. But Jing-Mei has no desire to prove herself or excel in any field. She wants to take life as it comes. In her words, â€Å"I did not believe I could be anything I wanted to be. I could only be me† Tan (679). Since Suyuan believes that anything can be accomplished and she uses her daughter as her outlet to prove it. She continuously gives Jing-mei numerous test and eventually forces her to take piano lessons, which becomes Suyuan's prime focus of her 'perfect dau...

Caring Theory

Swanson’s Middle Range Nursing Theory of Caring By: Shari Semelroth RN, BSN Mennonite College of Nursing Abstract Do we honestly make an effort to improve the environment, care, medical treatment, and interactions with those patients who are suffering a loss? Do we adequately provide the care that they need? These questions are answered in Swanson’s Middle Range Theory of Caring. We examine the five caring processes and their applications to one’s daily nursing routines. Many healthcare organizations have adopted the caring theory as their model of care for their philosophy and principles for nursing.Caring theory has also been the focus of many research articles that have concluded that caring is a natural part of nursing and it is based on evidence. All healthcare professionals should be able to achieve the concepts into their daily nursing profession. We care for patients, and what we are currently doing we can always switch to improve for more positive intera ctions. What is caring and why is it essential to nursing? What are the perceptions of caregivers, care receivers, and care observers regarding caring? A nurturing way of relating to a valued other person toward whom one has a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.Nursing has traditionally been concerned not only with the caring needs of individuals, but also with caring as a value or principle for nursing action. (Swanson, 1991) The underlying structure of the nursing philosophical system or grand theory of nursing as caring is created by the assumptions of the theory and their interrelationships. (Boykin & Schoenhofer, 2001) These assumptions develop the most fundamental belief that all persons are caring by virtue of their humanness, that to be human is to be caring.A deep understanding of the practical meaning of that foundational assumptions also organize the theory that personhood is living grounded in caring; that caring is lived moment to moment in relationships wi th caring others, and that nursing as a discipline and profession of caring is orientated not towards diagnosing needs nor compensating for deficiencies, but as its focus, nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring. (Boykin, 2003) Swanson suggests that a universal definition or conceptualization of caring does not exist within and outside of nursing as to the role of caring in personal and professional relationships. Swanson, 1991) Kristen Swanson is a native of Rhode Island, graduated with a bachelor’s degree in nursing from the University of Rhode Island in 1975. She went on to earn her master’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1978 and PhD in nursing from the University of Colorado. Swanson worked as a Registered Nurse at the University of Massachusetts, as she was drawn to that institution because the founding nursing administration clearly articulated a vision for professional nursing practice and actively worked with nurses to apply these ideas while working with clients. Swanson, 1993) As a novice nurse she wanted to become a knowledgeable and technically skillful practitioner with an ultimate goal of teaching these skills to others. She pursued graduate studies. While studying she worked as a clinical instructor on a med surgical unit. Swanson studied psychosocial nursing with an emphasis on exploring the concepts of loss, stress, coping, interpersonal relationships, persons, environment and caring. As a doctoral student, she was able to experience hands on health promotion activity.She was involved in a cesarean birth support group. One historical meeting for her was on miscarriage. Swanson noticed that the discussion was based by the physician more on the pathophysiology and health problems of miscarriage. The women of the group were interested in discussing their personal experiences with pregnancy loss. (Alligood & Tomey, 2010) From that day forth she decided to learn more about the human experience. Caring and miscarriage became the focus of her doctoral dissertation and her program of research.She has since then received numerous awards, has taught fellow nursing students, became the Dean at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Associate Chief Nursing Officer for Academic Affairs at UNC Hospitals. In addition to teaching and administrative responsibilities, she conducts research funded by National Institutes of Nursing Research, publishes, mentors faculty and students and serves as a consultant at national and international levels. Swanson was inducted as a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing and received Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Rhode Island.Swanson used various theoretical sources while developing her theory. During her doctoral studies, she was influenced by other nurses and their theories related to caring. She took Dr. Jacqueline Fawcett’s course on the conceptual basis of nursing practice as a master’s prepared nurse, not only made her better at understanding the differences between the goals of nursing and other health disciplines, but also made her realize that caring for others as they go through life transitions of health, illness, healing, and dying was congruent with her personal values. (Swanson 1991)Dr.Fawcett developed the Language of Nursing and Metatheory; she displayed a distinctive role in caring for others and the importance of altruistic caring for the person’s well-being. (Fawcett, 1989) Dr. Jean Watson was also a mentor during her doctoral studies. Dr. Watson is known for her Theory of Human Caring. Even with the close relationship, they had, neither has ever seen Swanson’s program of research as an application of Watson’s theory of human caring. They do agree that compatibility of finding on caring in their individual programs add creditability to their individual programs of research.Swanson acknowledges Dr. Kathryn E. Barnard for encouraging her to make the t ransaction from interpretive to contemporary empiricist paradigm to convey what she learned and postulated about caring through several phenomenological investigations to direct intervention research and hopefully clinical practice with women who had miscarriages. (Alligood &Tomey, 2010) Dr. Barnard is recognized for her Parent Child Interaction Model. She encouraged Swanson to test her theory through randomized controlled trials.Swanson’s theory of caring is a nursing set of processes that are formed from the nurse’s own principles and his or her interaction with the patient, with five fundamental processes of knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintain belief. Her theory was formed from three descriptive phenomenological studies from perinatal nursing. The five processes that help explain the concept of this theory has subcategories. The theory has four phenomena of concern: nursing, person, health and environment. Theory concepts of nursing are informed c aring for the well-being of others. Beatty, 1984) Person in theory concept is unique beings who are becoming and whose wholeness is manifested in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Health in theory is related to having meaning filled experience with wholeness. Environment is any situation that is influenced by the client or influences the client. Knowing is the first process of caring. Knowing is striving to understand the meaning of the event in the life of the other, avoiding assumptions, focusing on the person cared for, seeking clues, assessing thoroughly, and engaging both the one caring and the one cared for in the process of knowing. Swanson 1991) The second caring concept, being with emotionally present to the other. It involves simply â€Å"being there†, conveying ongoing availability and sharing feelings whether joyful or painful. Monitor so that the one caring does not ultimately burden the one cared for. The third concept is doing for others what would do for the self at all possible, including anticipating needs comforting, performing skillfully and unconditionally, and protecting the one cared for while preserving his or her dignity (Swanson, 1993) Enabling is the fourth concept.It is facilitating the others passage through life transitions and unfamiliar events by focusing on the event, informing, exploring, supporting, validating feelings, generating alternatives, thinking through, and giving feedback (Swanson, 1991) The final concept is maintaining belief. Sustaining faith in the others capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning, believing in others capacity and holding him or her in high esteem, maintaining a hope filled attitude, offering realistic optimism, helping to find meaning and standing by the one cared for no matter what the situation is. Swanson, 1993) Her later work introduced â€Å"Informed Caring†, aimed to provide structure for relating the five caring processes and describes ass umptions about the four main phenomena of concern to nursing. (Swanson, 1998) An assumption of nursing is informed caring for the well-being of others. Providers must be informed and regarding common responses to health concerns. The nurse will increase care given based on her experiences. Included is evidenced based practices, compassion, understanding of other structure of caring, and understanding of the nursing profession.Along with this assumption, the nurse may be affected by Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Persons are defined as unique beings who are in the midst of becoming and whose wholeness is made manifest in thoughts, feelings and behaviors. (Benner, 1984) Each individual experiences are molded by environment. Spiritual endowment connects each being to an external and universal source of goodness, mystery, life creativity, serenity and free will to choose a range of possibilities. Each person does have equal choices.Nurses are mandated to take on leadership rol es in fighting for human rights, equal access to health care and other humanitarian causes. (Hanson, 2004) Health and well-being is a complex process of curing and healing that includes â€Å"releasing inner pain, establishing new meaning, restoring integration, and emerging into a sense of renewed wholeness†. (Swanson, 1993) Bonds are created, free expression of spirituality, thoughts, feelings, intelligence and creativity. The well-being of health is negatively affected by actions of individuals upon the other that inhibit expression of wholeness.Environment is situational. Any context that influences or is influenced by the designated client informed. (Swanson, 1993) Any forces that exert influence upon or are influenced by the patient. (Hanson, 2004) Forces could come from cultural, economic, political, spiritual, social, physiological realms. Any disturbance or change in the environment or realms will affect the wholeness of the other. According to Swanson (1993), the te rms environment and person in nursing may be viewed interchangeable, therefore, what is considered an environment in one situation may be considered a client in another situation.Internal evaluation of the theory consists of clarity, adequacy, consistency logical development, and level of theory development. Clarity of the caring theory is straight forward and easy to interpret. Swanson’s definition of the environments clearly describes her thought process of how the environment and patient are interchangeable. Adequacy adequately addresses each process with thorough descriptions that bring the theory together as a whole. It recognizes nursing values and missions and uses prior theories and research as the basis for its formation.It is clear descriptions of its process allow it to be easily applied to practice. Consistency within the theory focus, definition and interpretation of relationships remain consistent throughout the description of the theory. Logical development is described as the formation of caring as an interaction process. It acknowledges the processes that affect each level of the interpersonal relationship between client and environment. Swanson included previous research and knowledge of caring, but later individualized her theory with empirical evidence that her processes can be used to form a healing environment.Level of theory development is displayed of components of a middle range theory including empirical testing applicable to direct practice, based on a specific phenomenon and narrower in scope because it focusses on the five processes of caring and their interaction, rather that focus on both the medical and psychosocial aspects of nursing. (Peterson & Bredow, 2009) External evaluation of the Theory of Caring include, complexity, discrimination, reality convergence, pragmatic, scope, significance, and utility. Complexity is easily understood with the simple definitions of the four concepts and five processes.Discrimination is not unique to the nursing field. There are many other theories based on caring. The theory does not have a precise boundary as it can be applied to many situations of nursing as well as outside the nursing practice itself. Reality convergences represent the real worlds of nursing and are true. The concepts and processes are described thoroughly enough to be understood by any professional. This allows the theory to be applied to a broad spectrum of human interaction meant to be caring. Pragmatic can be operationalized in real life setting which is seen in Swanson’s empirical testing.Scope is met by Swanson of a middle range theory by having the processes narrowly described for individual situations however it is broad enough to be applied to caring interactions that range from nursing to other professions. The components can be testes but remain concrete to be repeatedly applied to different practice setting. Significance of the caring theory is truly substantial to the nursin g profession. It has recognized and organized key values of caring that will help to provide improved client to nurse interactions.The theory clearly describes the importance of recognizing the situational environment, and the influence of a nurse’s interactions on the health and potential outcome of a patient. Utility is a clear with definition and descriptions and has allowed Swanson to continue to have her theory tested for further research. Each process stands on its own, but some also help to build and define the others. Knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling work together to have the path filled with meaning will be chosen and thereby meet the goal of maintaining belief. Limitation in theory was to show relationship between five processes.She recognized the limitations and worked to link all five processes in to Nursing in Informed Caring for well-being of others. Swanson’s theory is congruent with Benner’s theory of Helping Role of Nursing and Watso n’s Carative Factors. There is cross validation and rationale for perception. The University of North Carolina hospital has operationalized Swanson’s Caring theory. Swanson’s Theory has led to research based practicing. The initial investigation that launched this program of clinical research was a phenomenological pilot study of five women who had miscarried within fourteen weeks of participating in the study.The research questions were: â€Å"What is the meaning of miscarriage to the woman who has recently experienced it? † Another study was a phenomenological study of twenty women who had miscarried two specific aims were (a) to describe the human experience of miscarriage and (b) to describe the meaning of caring as perceived by women who had miscarried. This research study shifted the program of research from a qualitative, interpretative approach to a descriptive quantitative design. Kyle, 1995) Swanson was able to develop instruments to assist in t he measuring of her results. The Impact Miscarriage Scale was delivered from her research. (Swanson, 1999) The scale was developed in three phases, it was repeated, measures, and randomized. This scale measures significant aspects of suffering from a miscarriage. She developed an Emotional Strength Scale that measures the extent of how individuals view themselves emotionally and the Caring Other Scale which measures the received after miscarriage from one’s significant other and â€Å"others†.The Caring theory postulates that nurses demonstrating they care about it is as crucial to patient well-being for them through clinical activities such as preventing infection and administration medications. ( Bulfin, 2005) ) Implemented the Carolina Care Model is one approach to actualizing caring theory across a healthcare organization by systematically incorporating interventions that link nursing actions, caring processes, and expectations. The professional practice model for the University of North Carolina hospital completed in 2008 grounded in caring theory.A model was developed into specific caring behaviors and incorporated them in practice. Four key behavioral characteristics of Carolina Care were developed 🙠 1) multilevel rounding, (2) words and ways that work, (3) relationship service components, (4) partnerships with support services. Hourly rounds combine elements of the caring process of being with and doing for. Scripts may have an adverse reaction, so words and ways that work. Suggests key points to include in interaction that frequently occur that are individualized conversations.These words are linked to enabling. These may be linked to the other caring process, such as being with. A moment of caring is asked to be done with each patient for 3-5 minutes to talk about how they are coping with their illness while touching the patient's hand or arm. Moments like this exemplify being with, and information the patient shares may contrib ute to knowing. These links between caring processes and caring behavior suggested are grounded in a culture of maintaining belief. There are many healthcare organizations that use Swanson’s theory as their care model.Norton Healthcare, University of North Carolina, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Hudson Valley Sinai Hospital in Michigan and Meritus Healthcare in Maryland are a few that has adopted this theory into practice. A theory is an explanation and it is said that nothing is as practical as a good theory. Yet there is a persistent gap between nursing theory and practice. Theory guided practice remains and ideal versus a realized goal in most organizations. Swanson’s caring theory may be a notable exception in accelerating progress toward this goal.Caring theory postulates that nurses demonstrating they care about patients is as important to patient’s well-being as caring for them through clinical activities such as p reventing infection and administrating medication. By incorporating interventions that link nursing actions, caring process and expectations is an approach to actualizing caring theory. All areas of nursing should be able to incorporate the theory of caring into their daily routine with no barriers of resistance. My practice is initiated usually as an inpatient status.Our providers are called to consult any neurological concern that the admitting physician would like evaluated. We see pediatric patients and their families in the emergency room, NICU, PICU, and general pediatric floor. Some of the patients are new to their current health crisis and some are established patients of our service already. Knowing as defined in Swanson’s theory of caring could be implemented during our first initial visit that we center on the patient. We offer a realistic optimism that we will devote our services to properly diagnosing the patient.Taking a detailed history and searching for clues to why this admission came about and to determine the next step in helping the patient. Staying with the patient during this complicated and stressful initial consult can be related to Swanson’s being with. Nurses can take the time with our patients and explain in depth the diagnosis and testing that may need to be ordered. Many times we will spend hours with our teenage patients explaining the electroencephalogram. This age of patients can be scared of any testing and need to be told the truth on what is going to take place.Working in a children’s hospital it is a blessing that we have access to child life. These professionals are specifically trained in child development and can help with the education process with our children. We ask for their assistance to educate our patients. Many of times they have pictures or videos to show that can explain in a way a child or teenager may understand, visual and audio sometimes works in our modern technology generation. We enc ourage questions and let the patient and their families understand there is no burden on asking questions.Asking questions is the way our patients learn, and we want them to be educated so they are not scared. With our population, the more the patient knows, the easier the testing usually goes. Doing is applied to all our patients. When we have a seizure patient we have an abundance of education. Seizure patients need to be explained the many safety precautions. When they are being discharged from the hospital we are enabling setting up and scheduling follow up appointments at our clinic. Maintaining belief occurs as we are reassuring that if they are in need of anything before they come in to our clinic to please call and we can try to help.Many schools require a seizure action plan before students can come back in to class. This is why we try to stay in communication with the patients and their families before their follow up as many times they are scheduled out four months from d ischarge. Our patients are transferred to adult when they reach 18 years of age, and we hear too often that the adult world is not as caring as we were in pediatrics. I do believe that our services are being seen as a caring process. How can we enhance the theory of caring? Can the theory help us with research in the future?I believe that the theory of caring can be beneficial in care models, research and evidenced based practice. According to Johnson and Webber (2005), a model should capture central themes and theoretical relations in such a way to help guide nurses in their practice. Boykin, Smith, and Aleman (2003) believed that a model would help create a work environment for nurses that support their commitment to nurture and caring. This model would display the important values that nurses have stated to be critical in the practice of nursing. Caring is the foundation of nursing and defines the nurse’s professional identity. Boykin ; Schoenhofer, 2001) A caring-based nu rsing model, identified that care is an essential value for nurses and that being able to incorporate this value into their practice increases satisfaction of the nurse and the patient. A study by Bulfin (2005), using the care concepts developed by Boykin and Schoenhofer generated a model of care to patients in a large community hospital. In the Bulfin (2005) study, the researcher asked if a visual model would enhance and support caring in nursing practices and, thus, improve the job satisfaction of the nurse and impact the level of patient satisfaction.Following the implementation of the caring model, patient satisfaction increased and more positive comments were received from the patients and families (Bulfin, 2005). The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) issued domains and competencies for every NP graduate that included emphasis on the nurse-patient relationship, use of healing modalities, respect of the worth and dignity of the patient, and incorporat ion of spiritual beliefs into the plan. These competencies describe the core abilities of NP graduates.NONPF states that these competencies are a â€Å"gold standard† to maintain and shape quality graduate NP programs. NONPF's emphasis on caring qualities in the NP-patient relationship is further evidence that NPs do not practice from a medical perspective but, rather, as facilitators of holism and health with their patients. Theory of caring can be used to better understand how to relate to our patients. Each process slows for a nurse to formulate an intervention to better care for a patient. This is a theory for the future.Caring defines nursing and is moving to be an evidence-based profession. Swanson’s five caring process are first grounded in the maintenance of a belief in human kind, anchored by knowing another’s reality, conveyed by being with and enacted through doing for and enabling. When time is taken to observe and interpret nurses' actions, it becom es clear that nursing practice is the result of blended understandings of the empirical, aesthetic, ethical and intuitive aspects of a given clinical situation and a nexus of maintaining belief in, knowing, being with, doing for and enabling the other. Nursing caring†¦consists of subtle, yet powerful, practices which are often virtually undisclosed to the casual observer, but are essential to the well-being of its recipient†. (Swanson, 1993, p. 357) Swanson gives nurses a platform to base our caring foundation on. As nurse’s gain experiences we build small levels on the foundation. Like building a house, we all start with the basics of the foundation that we learn in nursing school. It is up to us what we do with that foundation.Every nurse in any clinical setting can use the theory of caring daily. They may not know the five caring process by name, but they are used in every situation, with every patient, by every nurse. References Alligood. M. R. , ; Tomey, A. M. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work. (7th Ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby. Beatty KD. Reflection on caring for a home care client using Kristen M. Swanson’s theory of caring. Int J Hum Caring 2004; 8: 61–64 Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley.Boykin, A. , ; Schoenhofer, S. (2001). Nursing as caring. Sudbury, MA: Jones ; Bartlett. Boykin, A. , Smith, N. , St. Jean, J. , ; Aleman, D. (2003). Transforming practice using a caring-based nursing model. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 27, 223-231. Bulfin, S. (2005). Nursing as caring theory: Living caring in practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18, 313-319. Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing, 2nd Edn. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA. Hanson MD.Using data from critical care nurses to validate Swanson’s phenomenological derived middle range caring theory. J Theory Construction Testing 2004; 8: 21–25 Kyle, T. (1995). The concept of caring: A re view of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 506-514. Kavanaugh K, Moro TT, Savage T, Mehendale R. Enacting a theory of caring to recruit and retain vulnerable participants for sensitive research. Res Nurs Health 2006; 29: 244–52. Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not.London: Harrison and Sons. Peterson, S. J. , ; Bredow, T. S. (2009). Middle Range of Theories: Application to Nursing Research (3rd ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams ; Wilkins. Schoenhofer, S. , ; Boykin, A. (1998a). The value of caring experienced in nursing. International Journal for Human Caring, 2(4), 9-15. Swanson, K. (1998). Caring made visible. Creative Nursing, 4(4), 8-12. Swanson K. What’s known about caring in nursing: a literary meta-analysis. In: Hinshaw AS, Feetham S, Shavers J, eds. f Clinical Nursing Research; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999:31-58. Swanson, K. M. (1991). Empirical development of a middle range theory of caring. Nurse Researcher, 40(3), 161-16 Swanson, K. M. (1993). Nursing as informed caring for the wellbeing of others. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 352-357 Watson J. Caring theory as ethical guide to administrative and clinical practices. Nurse Adm Q. 2005; 30(1):48-55. Watson, J. (1988). New dimensions of human caring theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1(4), 175-181.

INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS essayEssay Writing Service

INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS essayEssay Writing Service INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY: TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS essay INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY: TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS essayInformation overload is a commonly discussed topic nowadays. The new means of communication, increasing data flows from electronic sources, radio, TV, banners and other media channels require greater attention and effort from modern people. At the same time, the history of the humanity shows that since early ages the advancements in information storage, information processing and sharing led to the increase of information flows in the society, so information overload might not be a new concept for the mankind. In any way, the efficiency of human beings and organizations during the transition from printed to electronic media remains an important concern. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether organizations are more likely to find better solutions to the existing information overload through changes to their technical systems, their social systems or the changes of both systems. History o f information management According to Blair (2010), the complaint about information overload was common in different cultures and in different ages: when printing was invented, people were complaining about too many books, and with the advent of electronic media these complaints simply changed their target. Along with the evolution of data storage techniques, the methods of data sorting, categorizing, selecting and summarizing also evolved.At the same time, although the tendency towards the increase of information flows emerged many centuries ago, there is evidence that the exponential growth of information which is witnessed nowadays has particularly negative consequences for human cognition. According to Wardrop (2009), modern people receive about 23 words per second, and such intensive flow of information has a detrimental effect on brain functioning. People tend to disconnect from ach other and their attention spans become shorter. Hence, human brain devotes less time to the pro cesses of connecting information, integrating it into knowledge and converting these findings into deeper thoughts, beliefs and world outlook. Information and knowledgeInformation processing by the human beings takes place in several stages. Most commonly, researchers outline the following states: data, information, knowledge, understanding and wisdom (Bellinger, Castro Mills, 2004). Each of these layers builds up on the previous layer, so it is not possible to reach the next layer without mastering the previous ones. Data pertains to some messages encoded in symbolic form; information denotes that data that were processed by a human being and which are associated with some particular facts or meanings. The next step, knowledge, takes place when the information is applied and the person working with the information can answer relevant questions starting with how (Bellinger, Castro Mills, 2004). Furthermore, understanding is associated with a deeper level of data processing when th e person can answer the question why, and wisdom denotes the understanding evaluated in the context of ones integral world outlook.The core issue with the information overload that is taking place nowadays is that the boundaries between information and knowledge are being blurred, and that due to extended time required for converting data into information and information into knowledge, there is no time to more to the next levels of information processing. These trends are especially visible in the social networks, Twitter conversations and other modern means of information exchange (Green, 2010). Socio-technical approachThe volumes of information consumption are increasing in geometric progression: for example, the volume of words consumed by the people in the U.S. has more than doubled between 1980 and 2008 (and this statistic does not include in-person conversations) (Wardrop, 2009). Evidently, human brains need to adapt to the changing consequences, and human beings currently ex perience difficulties between the existing channels of information processing and the requirements of the new environment. In order to stay efficient, human beings should either alter brain mechanisms responsible for information processing, or improve technical means of retrieving and filtering information, or combine both approaches. The same relates to organizations: in order to survive in the modern environment, organizations should enhance their means of information processing, both technical and social, and enhance the alignment between these two approaches.The research of Kwan (2011) shows that the performance of software companies depends both on the technical and social components, and that companies with efficient technical tools still experience failures, primarily due to the human component and the lack of social interaction between team members. The main thesis of this paper is the following: organizations need to improve technical means helping people to manage, access and retrieve the relevant data upon request, and at the same time should enhance the social interactions between the people in the organization. Counter-argumentsAccording to Ott (2010), the term information overload is too much hyped, and in reality there is no such thing as information overload. Instead, according to Ott (2010), there is the lack of proper information filters and there are people who therefore allow excess information to overwhelm them. The major constraint in this case is time constraint. Ott (2010) states that it is possible to overcome the challenges of information filtering by introducing new techniques and methods enabling people to cope with the existing data flows, just like catalogs and book reviews helped people to cope with the increase of information flows after the advent of printing.However, Ott misses one important thing: the intensity of data flows in the modern world also requires faster and more efficient reactions, and there emerge situations wh en people or organizations have to deal with unexpected data flows (or technical means of coping with data flows produce errors). In order to be comfortable in this world, human beings and organizations have to reconsider their social reactions to the rapidly changing environment and combine their new reactions and perceptions with the advanced technical means of data filtering and selecting. The use of pure technical means for addressing the challenge of information overload is insufficient because in this case people will be less integrated into the society and more isolated from others due to technology.ConclusionThe volumes of information that people have to face nowadays are impressive: during the next 4 years the humanity is expected to generate more data that it has accumulated during all previous world history. This means that people should invent more efficient and more intelligent technical tools for information processing, retrieval and management that are aware of the co ntext and can assist people handle data overload (Fischer, 2012).At the same time, improvement of technical tools only does not guarantee success, as it is shown by Kwan (2011). Therefore, in order to handle information overload, organizations should make sure that they are using efficient technical tools, optimize social interaction between its members and align the use of technical and social interactions into an integral system.

australias involvement in viet essays

australias involvement in viet essays Australia had reasons for wanting to join the Vietnam War, quite apart from considerations of South Vietnamese sovereignty. It was considered necessary to maintain good relations with our alliance partners the United) and constituted a critical step in maintaining a defense. Initially, Australia provided financial support to the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), and when widespread conflict became more widespread, Australia provided military advisers. The United States, who had been keen "observers" of the conflict, soon committed itself to military intervention and Australia wished to show her support. The problem was, that the South Vietnamese government was not so convinced of the utility of Australia's presence. How was Australia to solve this dilemma? The official and propagated account of Australia's decision to enter the Vietnam War holds that Australia, at the behest of the South Vietnamese government, and together with the noble American nation entered (reluctantly) into war, to safeguard the world from communist peril. Vietnam constituted Australia's longest involvement in a war, and the first confrontation in which involvement was not always viewed as a simple logical process. The Australian troop force in Vietnam build up steadily in the years 1965-1967. Even before this Australia deployed military advisers, and sent aid to the South Vietnamese government. The actual Australian contingent was minor in comparison to force sizes of other allied countries. Additionally it was predominantly located in an area which was perceived as being of critical strategic importance for the overall war. Australia's presence was concentrated around a small area of Vietnam, Phuoc Tuy province. Here, the majority of Australian regular and national service troops were located, together with New Zealand troops, thus forming the integrated ANZAC force. Conflict in the area reached proportions which were not initially envisaged by the Australi...

Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physical Chemistry - Essay Example This motivated John Dalton to study what makes different reactions unique. John Dalton, in his childhood years was educated by his father, and a man who managed a private school, called John Fletcher. He gained a wide understanding of science from the unofficial tutoring by  John Gough. At age 27 he was appointed to teach mathematics and  natural philosophy  at the  New College  where he taught for 7 years (Emery, 1988). Dalton formulated the theory after carrying out experiments into the behaviour of various gases. These experiments were based on 2 laws. The first was the law of  conservation of mass (by Antoine Lavoisier) that posits that the overall mass in a chemical process does not change (Dial, et al., 2009). The next law was the  law of definite proportions (by Joseph Proust) that posits that when a compound is stripped into its basic elements the masses of the basic elements will have similar quantities, irrespective of the amount of the original material. As a follow-up to the experiment conducted by Proust on oxides of tin, John Dalton conducted the same experiment on the oxides of tin. He also experimented with water and how it absorbed carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Dalton also started the study of various atomic weights depending on the combinations of the mass proportions, while taking the hydrogen atom as the base standard.   From the laws Dalton established the  law of multiple proportions that posits that when 2 chemical elements combine to produce more than one likely compound then the proportion of the second element’s mass that joined with a specific mass of the first element will be represented as proportions of whole numbers (Niaz, 2001). The results of this laid the foundation for Dalton’s Atomic Laws. These are made up of five theorems. The first theorem posits that an element, in its unmixed state, is made up of particles referred to as atoms. The second posits that all the atoms in

Care given to a 15 day old baby with breathing difficulties Essay

Care given to a 15 day old baby with breathing difficulties - Essay Example Moreover, the paper will include efforts to understand the foetal circulation in relation to a neonate circulation along with an explanation of provision of the most appropriate treatment and care to Flora, as well as to her family members. Lastly, the researcher will endeavor to provide a clarification of ways that a children’s nurse can take to make a respiratory assessment of a child of Flora’s age, as well as assessments of older children. Discussion On arrival at The Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, the team took Flora to the resuscitation room where they noticed her having breathing difficulties and a high pulse rate. Results of the initial assessment indicated her to be at a high risk; however, it was usual as infants often confront respiratory distress and similar signs and symptoms due to undiagnosed cardiac problems (Fergusson, 2008, 23-39). Subsequently, Professor Carley evaluated Flora’s physical condition and her behaviour using observati onal assessment of her airway, breathing, and circulation (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006, 1-10). It was noticeable that Flora was able to move all of her limbs with vigour, and there was no evidence of pallor that could indicate hypoxia (Fergusson, 2008, 35-40). In addition, the team noticed signs of efforts for breathing and visual signs of recession while observing Flora’s chest (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010, 29). The team also listened to the sound of Flora’s breathing, and luckily, both nasal flaring and chest recession were evident. Vital signs such as, temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation were intact and functioning (Federspiel, 2010, 135). Furthermore, the team took blood samples for testing, which revealed that her kidneys were working in satisfactory condition and she was not anaemic, and additionally, Flora’s iron levels in her blood were normal as well. The hemoglobin levels in her blood were good, o xygenated cells were in high enough numbers within the blood to deliver oxygen to all tissues around the body that was another good sign. In addition, the team carried out blood tests to check PH imbalance and white cell count, as when in high numbers, they could indicate infection (Harrison, 2008, 56-67). After evaluating all these tests, Professor Carley reassured Flora’s parents by using the word ‘safe’ while explaining her immediate condition. In particular, Flora was at an age when cardiac abnormalities are often usual. One of the reasons is that in utero, the foetus obtains oxygenated blood, and nutrients from the placenta via the umbilical vein as defined by Chamley et al (2005, 11-26), and the lungs are not functional at this stage. At birth, important changes occurred to turn the foetal circulation into that of a neonatal circulation and before a baby can take in oxygen; her heart had to connect with the lungs (Holmes, 2010, 12), and this transition enab led Flora’s body to take over and begin to work independently (Glasper et al., 2007, 30-55). In particular, with every baby’s first breathe, the airways open and the drop-in pressure causes blood to rush to the lungs to receive oxygen, this oxygen reaches blood, and subsequently,