The Similarities between My Mother and Me

I love my mother very much. She is not only a inexpugnable woman but also a great mother. My mother always takes care of the children in my family very well and chats with us as a consort in addition, from the stories in life, she has taught us many valuable lessons. Most of my hobbies and habits are learned from my mother. Therefore, my mother and I have many similarities, such as desire assay games, gift giving to loved ones on special occasions, and enjoying outdoor activities. Both my mother and I exchangeable adventure games.When I was seven years old, she similarlyk me and my sister to go to a national park, a huge park with many games. My mother wanted us to join in a game, which has a sauceboat falling from a very high waterfall. While my sister expressed fear, I was curious to try it. I still remember that when our boat reached the top of the waterfall, it suddenly stopped and began to move downward. I was very scared and crying. My mother tried to assure me that ever ything would be fine. She wanted me to overcome the fear of highschool as well as be ready to face all the challenges in life.So far, I am much courageous, and we often spend more time to participate in adventure games. My mother loves to give gifts on special occasions, and so do I. On holidays, we often go shopping to lease a special gift for loved ones. My mother said that a gift is a symbol of love and regard. To me, gift-giving helps bring people closer together. Also, gift-giving is conventional in my country. By gift-giving, we thank loved ones and wish them happiness. It may be valuable items or simply the greeting card, but more importantly is how you unhorse the gifts.I especially love Christmas, when wishes come true. As a child, I still looked forward to receiving gifts from Santa. Now I can understand their meaning, and I would like to bring joy and happiness for everyone. Both of us enjoy outdoor activities. Last Sunday, my family spent time together at the Silver wood Lake. While my aunties and my mom were doing barbeques, my cousins and I built some tends which was my favorite work. After lunch, we decided to go hiking upward a hill. It was so windy. Unfortunately, my mother forgot to bring her overcoat, so she could not go too far away.How absent-minded was she Anyway, we still had a lot of fun. My mom often tell me that enjoying Mother Nature can be serene, and camping can be economical, haoma family spirit. I personally think that getting outdoors benefits everything from improved eyesight to more brain function through being more creative. So, we have divided enjoying this activity more 10 years. In conclusion, I love my mom for the good values she has given me. Because of this, we are similar in liking adventure games, gift giving to loved ones on special occasions, and enjoying outdoor activities.

Perception Of Risk Variation Factors Health And Social Care Essay

Recent old ages in social scientific disciplines and academic research contract highlighted the affright of constructs such(prenominal) as make perceptual deliver and fortune itself, in a batch of deepness. tho the true dis give of how disaster is perceived and how its influences behavior is non a simple phenomenon to specify. in that respect is immense enmity on how, why and what variables constitute it. Risk has been defined in legion ways by social scientists and research workers. Before reexamining the diametrical paradigms of hazard perceptual go it is critical to understand the really character of the construct of hazard itself. thither exist multiple constructs of Risk. Risk is viewed as a jeopardy, as a chance as a effect and even as possible hardship or venture ( Short Jr, 1984 ) .Risk under such cl prep ars is typically assessed to be objectively quantified by hazard appraisal. On the former(a) manus societal scientific disciplines reject such impression of n onsubjective word picture. Their attack tends to tighten on effects that such hazardous results have on people who undergo them. This tradition meet s hazard as subjective in nature ( Krimsky & A Golding, 1992 Slovic, 1992 Weber, 2001b Wynne, 1992 ) . , hence it defines hazard as something that human existences have invented to assist them understand and get by with the dangers and uncert personalnesss of smell.Admiting that hazard give noticeister intend different things to different persons ( Brun, 1994 ) , consequently people besides tend to differ in their earnestness of effects of hazards and how they cast the chance of such hazards to take topographic point.This judgement leads us to the term risk perceptual find , which has been defined as appraisal of the chance of a specified type of accident go oning and how interested we ar with the effects ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004, p. 8 ) . Individual values, beliefs and attitude every(prenominal) bit good as societal an d cultural values or temperaments including symbols, political orientations and history constitute of factors which influence hazard perceptual experience ( Weinstein, 1980 ) .The aim of this paper is to understand the part of such societal, cultural and psychological factors which form perceptual experiences of hazard. This act aims at discour sing hazard in context to a specified hazard which is vaccine hazard event to polio. This peculiar pick has been made with consideration given to the fact that disease such as childish paralysis is no more a job in the western states and the under essential states provide a good lesson of civilization and societal influence for the sensed hazards. This has been backed by the lifting involvements by public wellness organisation to wholly eliminate this from the face of Earth. Throughout this survey research grounds has been integrate to lift a logical statement. In decision the deduction for policy shapers and other interest holders be discussed in line with the acknowledgment of the changing perceptual experience of his hazards.Polio has been know to distribute via the offhand faecal path. The West had popularly seen summer eruptions of childish paralysis. These resulted in widespread paralytic immature paralysis. There are two basic types of immature paralysis vaccinum, both of which were developed in the 1950 s.The foremost was developed by Jonas Salk, which was a formalin-killed readying of normal wild type infantile paralysis virus. This virus is cognise to turn in monkey tikeney cells and the vaccinum is given by injection. The vaccinum aims at arousing good humoral ( IgG ) unsusceptibility and forestalling transit of the virus to the nerve cells where it would otherwise do paralytic infantile paralysis. The 2nd known vaccinum was developed by Albert Sabin, which is a unrecorded attenuated vaccinum, produced through observational observation by consecutive transition of the virus in cell civilization . It is given orally and is known as the preferable vaccinum in the developed universe such as unify States, United Kingdom and others largely because of it easiness of disposal. ( Jeffrey Kluger, 2005 )vaccines have been used to control morbidity and mortality from childhood infective diseases in our society ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) .It is non incorrect to state that vaccinums constitute one of the biggest success narratives within preventative medical examination specialty nevertheless at that place has been a turning concern sing the necessity of its perpetual usage ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) ( Bostrom A. , 1997 ) .Physicians and research workers attribute such concerns in event of infantile paralysis vaccinum mostly to the diminution in mark diseases but besides attribute it towards the turning concern for safety among the multitudes ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) .Such uncertainnesss sing vaccinum hazards along with the still prevalence of such diseases in society create a petition for i ntellect how perceptual experiences sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are developed among people. The succeeding(prenominal) subdivision purposes at supplying an all overview of different prospective in order to understand how perceptual experiences are developed and influenced.Perceived badness of a disease drama an of upshot portion in adoption of vaccinums developed to extinguish them ( Bostrom A. , 1997 ) . A comparative survey of two diseases outburst conducted in Canada illustrates that during an eruption of a fatal, meningitis the populace reverted to mass immunisation comparable to a rubeolas outburst, where a by and large less confidence of immunisation prevailed based on the populace s position of rubeolas as beingness less unsafe.While in world Measle kill a larger graduated table of kids across the Earth ( Boholm, A. , 1998 ) . Fear is a clear illustration of what we think about a hazard in footings of our intuitive feelings, a role which is called the heur istic consequence and it has a great influence on our perceptual experience of risks.Amoung the current infantile paralysis bing states such frights are of a bigger magnitude given their societal and cultural backgrounds. There exists a large spread of societal consciousness every bit good as control in these states. Poverty, deficiency of basic lodging installations, clean H2O and air, and other ailments have helped to organize the attitudes and perceptual experience about polio vaccinum hazards ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004 ) ..another(prenominal) component which influences the perceptual experience of hazard associated with infantile paralysis vaccinumsis the degree of control over kids s going infected of vaccinum preventable disease.Works of ( Meszaros et al, 1996 ) shows that no(prenominal) inoculators understand that their kid was less likely effected by the inauspicious affects of the inoculation. This sense of control over the inauspicious effects of acquiring vaccinated stron gly determines attitude towards inoculation. Another critical thing which mustiness be noted here is the sensed cost benefit analysis done by parents.If at that place exists a sensed benefit in a specific pick, the hazard associated with that pick exit look smaller than when no such benefit is perceived ) .Hence perceptual experiences on Polio Vaccine hazard will be constructed depending on how much control an single likes to exert within his life and what cost and benefits does he associates with the infantile paralysis vaccinum. Some groups of people have viewed inoculation of a kid as a physical invasion into a healthy bodyA , this has been rewarded with doctors penchants to make no scathe ( specially in instances where more than one injection is required. Such believes and attitudes have paved agencies to constructs such as Free-loading ( which is trusting on herd unsusceptibility and taking non to immunize ) . This is proved by the research at the Pennsylvania Universit y which has shown that a batch of none inoculators use the free equitation logic ( Hershey et Al, 1994 ) .On the other utmost side there are besides people who make determinations sing vaccinums based on what every one else seems to be doing.This is regarded at bandwagoning and relates to human subscribe for conformance and even security which fulfills the human lease for love, belonging and even safety as defined by Maslow ( Maslow, A. , 1943 ) . The above factors fall into the class of cultural reason . Which recognizes a scope of influences including psychological, spiritual, religious, emotional and even intuitive footing as defined by ( Brun, 1994 ) ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004 ) .Poliomyelitis as it prevails within the underdeveloped states is besides widely influenced by the success narratives of the West. Fear factors colligate with deficiency of inoculation are reduced by narratives which explain how infantile paralysis has been eradicated f rom certain states and how it has extend a decreasing concern ( Jeffrey Kluger, 2005 ) . Fear encourages people to take positive preventative steps this has been clearly illustrated by the plants of ( Leventhal, 1980 ) who found that high fright showed greater purpose to halt smoke. Hence the perceptual experience of vaccinum hazard will change for people based on their ain frights and their ain apprehension of dangers associated to the disease.Surveies on hazard perceptual experiences have taken a deep expression at understanding the function of heuristics and prejudices.According to Slovic P. perceptual experience of hazard cognitive cutoffs form the basic for qualitative estimations of hazard ( Slovic P, 1987 ) . These are called heuristics, illustrations of such prejudices include compaction of hazard, over appraisal of rare causes of decease and underestimating common 1s ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) . Biass are non curtail to the public entirely alternatively a large beg inning of such prejudices stem which in this instance would be doctors every bit good as societal workers. Adept sentiment is besides an of import factor in formation perceptual experience sing polio vaccinum hazards. Experts within their ain field hold certain information purchase and cognition, which is non alienated from their ain prejudices. Experts sentiments are frequently manipulated to organize a perceptual experience of a hazard which is in line with authorities and other stakeholders ( Fischhoff B, Merz JF. , 1994 ) , ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) , ( Freudenberg and Pastor, 1992 ) . A prevailing nature of infantile paralysis s being in developing states can be understood better in footings of the unstable political governments in these states and the efforts of associate powers to derive public support through over rated wellness programmes such as battle against infantile paralysis. Another factor which is interrelate to this construct is besides the trust factor which defines public perceptual experiences of hazard. The bigger the assurance people have in professional responsible for their protection or in the authorities or establishments responsible for their painting of hazard the less fearful they would be. The less they would swear them, the higher will be the sensed hazard associated to them. While speaking about trust, it must be noted that grade of trust receiver topographic point in the communicating of information about vaccinum hazards and benefits is every bit important in organizing perceptual experiences about given hazards. Public input and well-being may be viewed as the aim of cardinal interest holders in preventative medical specialty nevertheless their actions are non ever aimed at accomplishing this hence a deficiency of credibleness and trust has been created ( Timothy C & A George T, 1995 ) . From the above treatment it can be deduced that a robust apprehension is needed to measure how cultural factors like trust and even duty reconstruct the cost benefit analysis ( Timothy C & A George T, 1995 ) .This demand for trust among persons corresponds with the emotional responses which serve a footing for determination devising as explained by Berkowitz ( 1969 ) .Another factor which develops the assorted perceptual experience people hold sing infantile paralysis hazard vaccinums is constructed by single political orientations sing social good versus the single rights. This relates to citizen s rights to picks such as choice of preventative steps for wellness attention compared to authorities s power/liberty to do determinations for the multitudes. Majority of the epidemiologist suggests that such determinations should non be left to single picks but should be authorities duty. Thus it can be concluded that Mandatory inoculation influences how vaccine hazards and benefits are received by the populace. This can be understood in the visible radiation of theory of cognitive disagreement which demonstrates th at voluntary picks brings more bareness and credence to negative results ( Berkowitz, 1969 ) .Certain people may even hold spiritual grounds to avoid inoculation, illustration of such can be the more Orthodox beliefs where step ining with nature is considered not spiritual. In US faith is one of the three evidences on which people are exempted from inoculation. This is done given the apprehension of the diversify US society. Hence it must be acknowledged that perceptual experiences of infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are related to the societal, cultural and even spiritual facet of person s life.To reason it can be seen that perceptual experiences sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are constructed by assorted cultural and psychometric factors. Peoples from their positions and attitudes sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard based on factors such as badness of the disease, the trust they place in the authorities and other interest holders, their ain apprehension of cost a nd benefits associated with the vaccinum. Percepts are strongly driven and influenced by person s ain fright, his abilibity to swear and his require to command things. Peoples are risk averse and seek to avoid ambiguity ( Slovic and Fischcoff, 1984 ) .They are invariably quantity and doing opinions which are influenced by the society in big and their milieus. They are frequently encouraged to follow the deal and sometimes to bask the free riders consequence. All these factors have deductions for parents and policymakers about how hazards should be managed and what hazards are acceptable in the visible radiation of how perceptual experiences vary and how they are constructed. It is critical for policy shapers and others to understand that contentions over vaccinum hazard perceptual experience have immense deductions for professionals and media in their functions as sources and besides on the being of this disease. When pass oning hazard to the receivers, it is highly critical that the changing natures of formation of hazard perceptual experience are kept into head along with public instruction and participative determination devising. Government in these states where infantile paralysis is still dominant need to cultivate feelings of trust in people for the system and integrate societal consciousness programmes, which have an emotional entreaty and are targeted towards the rural countries utilizing media every bit good as local physicians and clinics.

Methods of Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages

To design a instruction activity or a nurture program, there is a variety of discipline methods which stooge be implemented to advance the reading process. These methods argon divided into two main categories , trainer centered and learner centered. In the beneath table, I have listed different learning methods with the advantages and disadvantages of each one.Method Advantage harm Presentations1. Save the time of transferring knowledge. 2. Gives the learners to equal their knowledge with the presented one . 3. Gives the Learner a chance to ask and discuss with the trainer directly. 2. Does non concede the learners enough chance to control their own learning because it is trainer centered methodDemonstration1. Expose the learners to the best radiation pattern . 2. Considered as the first step to build the skills. 3. Save the time of sharing knowledge . 1. Unprofessional demonstrators can be a result of poor performance. 2. Does not show the reality on the work post .Grou p Discussions, meetings and briefings1. A quick way of sharing knowledge and skills. 2. Minimize the resistance of change 3. Learners can widen the meetings providing their agendas which meet their needs. 1. Does not involve practical part. 2. Discussions might miss the main topics and waste more time. 3. A few learners might control the discussions while the others are only listenersRole Play1. Learners can practice what they learn and parting knowledge. 2. Build the sense of team work within learners . 3. house a safe environment for doing mistakes . 1. world power be over simplified , so does not reflect the real work. 2. Itrequires a feedback from the facilitator. 3. It improves skills only .E-learning1. Provide time flexibility for learners . 2. The learner lead the pace of the learning. 3. Can be accessed in different ship canal and from different places. 1. Minimize the sense of team work and sharing knowledge with others. 2. Requires anIT access and good network3. dense for some learners styles such as the activists . On the job training 1. Expose the learners to the real work . 2. Gives the learners a chance to practice. 3. Give the learners to share knowledge with experienced employees. 1. Requires an experienced mentor . 2. Cannot be applied in organization where there is a shortage of manpowe . 3. Learners might feel demotivated with a busy mentor or staff.Blended Learning1. Variety of methods combined together. 2. It addresses all learning styles. 3. Improves the competencies through learning and practice. 1. Very costly in ground of money and time. 2. Requires availability of several learning resources and facilities .Coaching1. Addresses the exact needs of a learner 2. Maximize the learners expiation and self-esteem . 1. Very costly because it is one to one approach. 2. Requires an expert coach because it is applied for the management levels in most of the organization.Criteria of Choosing between learning Methods 1. Learning Objectives after analyzing the gaps between the current capabilities and the required capabilities, learning objectives impart be generated to fulfill the learning needs.2. The learning figure It plays a main role in selecting the methods which are most effective and efficient . Organizations with very limited budget usually use the internal resources and not interested on the methods which are costly.3. Timing the work hours and the availability of manpower are very important criteria in selecting the suitable methods. Sometimes, e-learning is selected due to time restrictions within the organization or the function.4. Learning resources and materials facilities, number of learners , learning aids and IT issues are put into consideration to select the suitable learning method.Learning Resources ,Facilities and Equipments and their Advantages and DisadvantagesItem Advantage Disadvantage Power Point 1. Easy to use. 2. Support the structure of learning activity 3. Display photos, charts and statistics. 1. Requires other equipment such as data projector and a computer. 2. Might be boring for some learners styles.Internet1. Easy to access anywhere any time. 2. Include lots of learning references and materials. 1. Requires good network otherwise the learners will not be able to learn properly. 2. Learners might not be focused to the main topic when using the internet.Videos1. enkindle for most of the learners . 2. It is not costly and does not need more spaces. 1. Contain some cultural issues. 2. It is not applicable for special needs learners such as deaf or blind learners .A flipchart1. Very cheap. 2. effectual for learning activities and preparation. 3. Utilized to get the learners involved in the learning process. 1. Requires a space in the inhabit to be stocked up. 2. Needs clear colors. 3. Not applicable for some learning methods such as e-learning.Books andHandouts1. Authentic references for learners. 1. New engine room interference . 2. Need space or room fo r storing.Smart Boards1. Integrated technology 2. Interested for learner 1. Needs special training for users. 2. Very costlyClassroom or training halls1. Traditional and effectual for group learning . 1. Requires a suitable preparation. 2. Not applicable for e-learning or mobile learning.Criteria for selecting suitable resources , facilities and equipment for learning activities 1. Learners factors and learners styles This selection is a result of analyzing the learners factors and needs such as deaf, blind, activists, theorists..etc. 2. Budget After considering the assigned budget the suitable resources and facilities will be easy to identified . 3. Legislation There are some learning legislations and policies which should be into consideration such as safety and health . 4. Nature of the learning activities or the learning methods For example, e-learning requires the availability of computers or smart phone or devices. 5. Number of learners This is very important criteria to advert the sizing of the class or the training hall . In addition, it enable the learning and development practitioner to identify the learning method .

Stephen Kalong Case Review

STEPHEN KALONG NINGKAN V. TUN ABANG HAJI OPENG AND TAWI SLI FEDERAL COURT KUCHING OCJ HARLEY A-G (BORNEO), CJ KUCHING CIVIL SUIT zero(prenominal) K 45 OF 1966 7 SEPTEMBER 1966 JUDGMENT Harley A-G (Borneo) CJ The complainant was ap sended head teacher subgenus Pastor of Sarawak on 22 July 1963. On 14 June 1966 in that respect was a meeting of Council Negri at which, apart from the Speaker, plaintiff and twenty dollar bill other(a)wise elements were present. Five extremitys of the Sarawak United Peoples Party and peerless Machinda piece, who norm anyy be fix as an opposition, were present among the perfect of 21 members.Of the 21 members, three were ex officio. Bills were. passed with bug turn up opposition on that day. One of the members present, Abang haji Abdulrahim bin Abang hadji Moasili, who gave evidence in this look, was a die harder of the plaintiff on 14 June and indeed up to 16 June. He says that as from the evening of 16 June he would non strike plunk for ed the plaintiff. The f perform mud that there has neer been a motion of no self-confidence put in Council Negri, nor has there been each defeat of a Government bill.On 14 June a earn was reference worked from Kuala Lumpur to the regulator. It is accepted that this garner was sign-language(a) by 21 souls who atomic number 18 members of Council Negri. ( there be 42 members in all of Council Negri plus the Speaker. ) The author of the letter was Tan Sri Temenggong Jugah, Federal parson for Sarawak Affairs ( non a member of Council Negri). The letter reads as follows Letter zero(prenominal) 1 TOP SECRET c/o YB Enche Thomas Kana, Dewan Raayat. Kuala Lumpur. 14hb June 1966. His excellency, The governor of Sarawak, The capital of Kazakhstan, KUCHING.Your excellence. We, the below(a)signed members of Council Negri Sarawak, beg to affirm your Excellency that we no longer have either confidence in the Hon Dato Stepbiddy Kalong Ningkan to be our leader in the Council Negri and to continue as headway subgenus Pastor. 2. Since the Hon. Dato Ningkan has mill to restrain the confidence of the mass of the members of the Council Negri, he is bound by obligate 7(1) of the reputation of the secernate of Sarawak to tender the endurance of the members of ultimate Council. 3.We respectfully request your Excellency to trail appropriate put through with(predicate) under that article and to appoint a new honcho minister of religion pursuant(predicate) to article 6(3) of the administration. Yours faithfully, (Signed) T JUGAH. (A list of names was attached. ) In the list attached to this letter, 25 names be set out. Against 21 of these names argon signatures (in one case the signature is a chop). This letter was n eer sh throw to the plaintiff until after Court proceedings started. it was handed to the governor (suspect 1) in Kuching on 16 June.The next letter from the regulators offstage secretary to the plaintiff reads as follows Letter No. 2 ASTA NA, KUCHING, SARAWAK. referee GOV/SEC/ receipts 16 June 1966. To The noble Dato Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS PDK primary(prenominal) minister, Sarawak. Dato, I am directed by his Excellency to inform you that his Excellency has foold representations from members of Council Negri constituting the volume of the council, informing his Excellency, and his Excellency is satisfies, that you have ceased to command their confidence. 2.In order that the furnish under articles 7(1) and 6(3) of the Constitution of the submit of Sarawak be complied with, his Excellency requires your presence forthwith at the Istana upon receipt of this letter to tender your sufferance. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your yielding servant, (Signed) ABDUL KARIM BIN ABOL, Ag Private Secretary to HE the governor. In answer to the above the plaintiff replied Letter No. 3 of import rector, Kuching, Sarawak. Malaysia. 17 June 1966. referee CM 1/66 A-G Private Secretary to His Excellency the regulator, Th e Astana, Kuching.Sir, GOV/SEC/144 go out 16 June 1966 I have the honour to refer to your above letter received by me late lowest evening and regret that I am temporarily indisposed and unable to present myself at the Astana last night. With deepest respect, the proceedings of the meeting of the Council Negri held on 14 June 1966, do non appear to support his Excellencys construe that I have confounded the confidence of the majority of its members. In these circumstances, I shall be grateful if I may be supplied with the names of those council members who support the representations referred to in your letter.I shall be grateful if you leave behind convey to his Excellency that, in my view, the proper course to resolve whatever doubts regarding my ability to command the confidence of the majority of Council Negri members is to range for the council to be convened in order that the weigh give nonice be put to the total test. In entree to believing that this represents twain the pop course and the best one for Sarawak and Malaysia, it is one which I believe would receive the support of the majority of the people of this State and one whose out-come I would be prep argond to abide by.I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) SK NINGKAN, Dato Stephen Kalong Ningkan, Chief Minister of Sarawak. The vital letter comes next Letter No. 4 ASTANA, KUCHING, SARAWAK. GOV/SEC/144 17 June 1966. To The Honble Dato Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS, PDK Kuching, Sarawak. Dear Dato, I have received your letter, Ref CM 1/66 dated 17 June 1966 in reply to my private secretarys letter sent to your yesterday. It is clear from the contents of your letter that you have ref go ford to tender the resignation of the members of the exacting Council in compliance with art. (1) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak, although you have ceased to have the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri. I, therefore, declare that you and other members of th e Supreme Council have ceased to hold the smirch with effect forthwith. 2. I am now appointing the Honble Penghulu Tawi Sli. ABS Chief Minister of Sarawak with effect for with. 3. As requested, I forward herewith a list of the name of members of the Council Negri who have do representations to me in person that they have ceased to have confidence in you. Yours sincerely. Enc (Signed) TUN ABANG HAJI OPENG governor. The Governor is the scratch defendant in the present suit and the Honourable Penghulu Tawi Sli is the second defendant. Mr. Kellock has give the point that it was unaccompanied in this letter and after the arouseal that the names were provided and the names that were provided are a list of 21 names and are the kindred names that appear on the letter of 14 June. Again on 17 June the plaintiff wrote Letter No. 5 Pangau Libau Kuching. 17 June 1966. His Excellency the Governor, Tun Abang Haji Openg, SMN PNBS OBE Astana, Kuching. Your Excellency, I have received, with s urprise, your letter (Ref GOV/SEC/144) of todays date.It is non true that I have ref using upd to tender my resignation the apparent motion of tendering my resignation did not arise until after I received a reply to my letter requesting for the names of the members of the Council Negri. It is clear from the list of the names forwarded to me that the majority of the Council Negri members are not against me, as 21 cannot be the majority of 42. With the utmost respect I have to inform your Excellency that if you appoint the Honble Pengulu Tawi Sli as Chief Minister you would be playing un righteousnessfully and I entrust have no option still to question my removal in the Court.I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) SK NINGKAN. (Dato Stephen Ralong Ningkan). On 17 June the Sarawak Government Gazette Extraordinary announced Document No. 6 No 117 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF SARAWAK It is herewith published for general info that, with effect from 17 June 1966, the Honourabl e Dato Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS, PDK has ceased to be the Chief Minister of Sarawak and the following have ceased to be members of the Supreme CouncilThe Honourable Dato James Wong Kim Ming, PNBS The Honourable Dato Abang Othman bin Abang Haji Moasili.PNBS The Honourable Dato Dunstan Endawi anak Enchana, PNBS Teo Kui Seng, PNBS No 1118 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF SARAWAK It is hereby published for general information that the Governor has, in transaction of the male monarchs conferred upon him by article 6(8) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak, appointed by Instrument under the Public Seal dated 17 June 1966. he Honourable Penghulu Tawi Sli, ABS, to be the Chief Minister of Sarawak. The plaintiff claims 1. A declaration of Court that the set-back defendant as Governor of Sarawak acted unconstitutionally by not complying with the provisions of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak when he declared on 17 June 1966, that the plaintiff has ceased to hold the sh ort letter of Chief Minister of Sarawak. 2.A declaration of Court that the first defendant should not have relieved the plaintiff from the business office of Chief Minister of Sarawak on the launch of representations made to him on 16 June 1966, by members of the Council Negri who preferred to boycott the session of the Council Negri on 14 June 1966, on the ground of alleged tone ending of confidence in the Chief Minister. 3. A declaration that his purported dismissal by the first defendant was ultra vires, null and void. 4. A declaration that the plaintiff is and has been at all material clip Chief Minister of the State of Sarawak. . An injunction restraining the second defendant from acting as the Chief Minister of the State of Sarawak. Respecting this claim, the following articles of the Constitution are relevant article 1, (1) and (2) article 5 article 6 (1), (2) and (3) article 7 (1), (2) and (3) article 10 (1) and (2) article 11 article 13 article 14(1) (a) to (d) and (2) article 21 (1) and (2) article 24 (3) article 41 (1) and (2) article 44 (5). I need not set out all these articles, tho would draw particular prudence to the following Governor of the State 1. 1) There shall be a Governor of the State, who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong acting in his tact but after consultation with the Chief Minister. (2) The Governor shall be appointed for & term of four eld but may at all time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and may be removed from office by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of an address by the Council Negri supported by the bal get bys of not less than two-thirds of the total number of the members Executive authority 5.The administrator authority of the State shall be vested in the Governor but executive functions may by justness be conferred on other persons. The Supreme Council 6. (1) There shall be a Supreme Council to advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions. (2) The Supreme Council shall consist of a Chief Minister and not much than than octet nor less than four other members appointed in accordance with cl (2). 3) The Governor shall appoint an Chief Minister a member of the Council Negri who in his design in uniformly to command the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri and shall appoint the other members in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister from among the members of the Council Negri. (6) The Supreme Council shall be collectively responsible to the council Negri. Tenure of office of members of Supreme Council 7. (1) If the Chief Minister to command the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri, then, unless at his request the Governor dissolves the Council Negri, the Chief Minister shall tender the resignation of the members of the Supreme Council. (2) A member of the Supreme Council may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to th eGovernor, and a member of the Supreme Council other than the Chief Minister shall also purloin his office if his appointment thereto in revoked by the Governor acting in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister. (3) Subject to cll (1) and (2), a member of the Supreme Council other than the Chief Minister shall hold office at the Governors pleasure. Governor to act on advise 10. 1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other law, or as a member of the Conference of Rulers, the Governor shall act in accordance with the advice of the Supreme Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority of the council, however as otherwise provided by the Federal Constitution or this Constitution but shag be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the government of the State which in available to the Supreme Council. 2) The Governor may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions- OPENG (a) the appointment of a Chief Minister (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of the Council Negri. Procedure of Council Negri 24. (1).. (2).. (3) Subject to cll (5) and (6) and to cl (2) of article 41, the Council Negri shall, if not unanimous, take its decision by a simple majority of members voting and the Speaker or member presiding shall cast a choose whenever necessary to exclude an equality of ballots but shall not vote in any other case. Interpretation 44. (1) .. (2) .. (3) .. (4) .. (5) The Interpretation regularization, as in force at the commencement of this Constitution, shall reach 2 for the use of goods and services of interpreting this Constitution and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and otherwise in relation to a write law within the substance of that Ordinance. contribution 21 of the Interpretation Ordinance (Cap. ) reads as followsPower to appoint includes power to dismiss 21. Whenever any written law co nfers upon any person or authority a power to make appointments to any office or topographic point, the power shall be construed as including a power to dismiss or suspend any person appointed and to appoint another person temporarily in the place of any person so suspended, or in place of any sick or absent holder of much(prenominal) office or placeProvided that, where the power of such(prenominal) person or authority to make such appointment is only exercisable upon the recommendation or national to the compliment or consent of some other person or authority, such power of dismissal shall only be exercisable upon the recommendation or takings to the approval or consent of such other person or authority. Section 2 (1) of the same Ordinance readsApplication 2. 1) Save where the black eye intention appears the provisions of this Ordinance shall accept to this Ordinance and to any written law now or hereafter in force made by suitable authority in Sarawak and to any instrumen t made or issued thereunder. The following definition from the Interpretation Ordinance was not cited by Counsel on either side Governor in his discretion and Governor acting in his discretion mean that, in respect of the power concerned, the Governor shall not be get to consult with the Supreme Council in the exercise thereof. The main arguments for the plaintiff are that (a) the Governor has no power of dismissal, and (b) if he has a power or a discretion it must not be exercised haphazardly or capriciously. The defence contends that there Is no question of the Governors power being merely discretionary in certain circumstances particularly where there are infractions of the Constitution for which no sanction or salve is provided the Governor has not only a power but a duty to act. The defence that contends that lack of confidence describes a state of mind. Article 7(1). Whether a Chief Minister has or has not ceased to command the confidence of a majority is a matter for the Governors personal assessment. Moreover, the rules for the construction of laws are like those which apply to the construction of other documents, especially as regards one crucial rule, viz that, if it is possible, the words of a statute must be construed so as to give a sensible meaning to them. The words ought to be construed ut res magis valeat quam pereat. MPHASIS v. Stovin 1889, 22 QBD 513 at p. 17). If the Chief Minister ceases to command the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri, then, unless at his request the Governor dissolves the Council Negri, the Chief Minister shall tender the resignation of the members of the Supreme Council. (Article 7 (1) ). The first question which arises is how the lack of confidence is to be expressed can such lack of confidence be assessed only by a vote on the floor of the star sign (if I may use this word in its general employment) ?The Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria was of opinion that the constitutional met hod (in Nigeria) of meter lack of confidence required a decision or resolution on the floor of the House. (Adegbenro v. Akintola 1963 3 WLR 63 distinguished). The Privy Council took an opposite view and held that there was no limit point as to the material by which lack of confidence should be assessed. Does the same rule of construction apply in Sarawak as in Nigeria? I forget not apologise for quoting at length from the case of Adegbenro v.Akintola, and I would draw attention at the start to the following passage (at p. 72) there are many good arguments to discourage a Governor from exercising his power of removal except upon indisputable evidence of hold outing voting in the House . If one starts, as I think one should start, with the rule that a vote on the floor of the House is the normal test of lack of confidence, then one is in a let out position to consider the exceptions to the rule. Now I cite from Adegbenro v. Akintola By s. 33 of the Constitution of western Nige ria (10) . he Ministers of the Government of the arena shall hold office during the Governors pleasure Provided that (a) the Governor shall not remove the promethium from office unless it appears to him that the premier(a) no longer commands the support of a majority of the members of the House of fiction . The Governor of the western sandwich Region of Nigeria, following upon the receipt of a letter signed by 66 members of the House of Assembly which was composed of 124 members stating that they no longer supported the postmortem examination, the present answering, removed him from office and appointed the appellate in his place.There had been no vote adverse to the answering in the House prior to his removal. Thereafter, in proceedings instituted by the respondent challenging the Governors right to remove him. the following issues were referred by the High Court of the Western Region to the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria Pursuant to s. 108 of the Constitution of the Federation (1) Can the Governor validly exercise power to remove the Premier from office under s. 3, subs (10), of the Constitution of Western Nigeria without prior decision or resolution on the floor of the House of Assembly showing that the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the House? (2) Can the Governor validly exercise power to remove the Premier from office under s. 33(10) . on the basis of any materials or information extraneous to the proceedings of the House of Assembly? The Federal Supreme Court answered the first question in the negative, thus holding that the respondent had not been validly removed from office, and effect it unnecessary to answer the second question.On appeal by the appellant . Held (1). (2) There was nothing either the scheme or provision of the Constitution of Western Nigeria which level-headedly precluded the Governor from forming his opinion on the basis of anything but votes formally given on the door of the House. By the us e of the words it appears to him in s. 33(10) the Judgment as to the support enjoyed by a Premier was left to the Governors own assessment and there was no limitation as to the material on which he might recidivate for the purpose. Accordingly, both the questions referred to the Federal Supreme Court should be answered in the affirmative.Decision of the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria reversed. The judgment of their Lordships was delivered by Viscount Radcliffe . The question to which an answer has to be found is of obvious importance, but it lies, nevertheless, within a in truth small compass. Its decision turns upon the meaning to be attached to the wording of s. 33(10) of the Constitution of Western Nigeria, read, an it should be, in the context of any other provisions of the Constitution that may legitimately influence its meaning. It in clear, to begin with, that the Governor is invested with some power to dismiss the Premier.Logically, that power is a consequence of the en actment that Ministers shall hold office during the Governors pleasure, for, typeface to the saving conditions of provisos (a) and (b) that follow, the Governor has only to withdraw his pleasure for a Ministers tenure of office to be brought to an end. Where the Premiers office in concerned it in so (a) that limits the Governors power to withdraw his pleasure constitutionally, for by that proviso he is precluded from removing the Premier from office unless it appears to him that the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly. By these words therefore, the power of removal is at once recognised and conditioned and, since the condition of constitutional action has been reduced to the formula of these words for the purpose of the written Constitution, it is their construction and nothing else that must determine the issue. What, then, is the meaning of the words the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the member? It has been said, and said truly, that the word is derived from the constitutional understandings that support the unwritten, or rather partly unwritten, Constitution of the United domain.It recognises the basic assumption of that Constitution, as it has been developed, that, so long the elected House of Representatives is in being, a majority of its members who are prepared to act to together with some cohesion is entitled to determine the effective leadership of the Government of the day. It recognises also one other principle that has come to be accepted in the United Kingdom that, subject to questions as to the right of dissolution and appeal to the electorate, a Prime Minister ought not to remain office as such once it has been established that he has ceased to command the support of a majority of the House.But, when that is said, the practical application of these principles to a given situation if it arose in the United Kingdom, would depend less upon any simple tale of pri nciple than upon the actual facts of that situation and the good sense and political sensitivity of the main actors called upon to take part. It is said, too, that the support that in to be considered is nothing else than support in the proceedings of the House itself, and with this proposition also their Lordships are in agreement. They do not think, however, that it is in itself a very pregnant observation.No doubt, everything comes back in the end to the question what action the members of a party or a group or a combination are resolved to take in proceedings on the floor of the House but in democratic politics speeches or writings outside the House, party meeting, speeches or activities inside the House short of actual voting are all capable of contributing evidence to indicate what action this or that member has decided to take when and if he is called upon to vote in the House, and it appears to their Lordships somewhat unreal to try to draw a firm dividing line between votes and other demonstrations where the issue of support is oncerned. This, indeed, is the crux of the question that has now been raised. The respondent maintains, and it is implied in the decision that he has obtained from the Federal Supreme Court, that the Governor cannot constitutionally take account of anything in the matter of support except the record of votes actually given on the floor of the House.Consequently, it is said, his action in removing the first respondent from the Premiership on the strength, it appears, of the letter address to him by the 66 members of the House referred to and without waiting until there had been an adverse vote in the House itself was not within the powers conferred upon him by the Constitution. The difficulty of limiting the statutory power of the Governor in this way is that the limitation is not to be found in the words in which the makers of the Constitution have decided to record their description of his powers.By the words they have employe d in their formula, it appears to him, the judgment as to the support enjoyed by a Premier is left to the Governors own assessment and there is no limitation as to the material on which he is to base his judgment or the contacts to which he may sanctuary for the purpose. There would have been no difficulty at all in so limiting him if it had been intend to do no. For instance, he might have been given power to act only after the passing of a resolution of the House that it has no confidence in the Government of the Region, the very idiomatic expression employed in an adjoining section of the Constitution (see s. 1 (4), proviso (b) ) to delimit the Governors power of looseness the House even without the Premiers advice. According to any ordinary rule of construction weight must be given to the fact that the Governors power of removal is not restrict in such precise cost as would confine his judgment to the actual proceedings of the House, unless there are compulsive fences, to be found in the context of the Constitution or to be deduced from obvious general principles, that would impose the more limited meaning for which the respondent contends.Their Lordships have not discovered any such reasons. It is one thing to point out the dangers of a Governor arriving at any conclusion to his Premiers support in the House except upon the incontrovertible evidence of votes recorded there on some crucial issue. There are indeed such danger Expressions of opinion, attitude or intention upon such a lenient matter may sanitary prove to be delusive. He may Judge the situation wrongly and so find himself to have taken a critical step in a focalisation which is proved to be contrary to the wishes of the majority of the House or of the electorate.Again, if he is not to rely an his Premier for advice as to the balance of support in the House, he is likely to And that he is in effect consulting indirectly the views of opposition leaders who may turn out in the event to be no more than an opposition or he will find himself backing the political judgments conveyed to him by his own private advisers against the political judgment of the Premier himself All these are real dangers which any Governor proposing to act under his power of removal would need to bear in mind, since, if he ignores them, he would run the risk of placing the constitutional sovereign power, whose representative he in, in conflict with the will of the elected House of Representatives whose majority is for the time being expressed in the person of the Premier.Anyone familiar with the constitutional history and development of the United Kingdom would naturally dwell upon these aspects of the supremes position, if he was invited to advise a Governor as to the circumstances and occasions upon which he could wisely exercise his power of removal. But, while there may be formidable arguments in opt of the Governor confining his conclusion on such a point to the recorded voting in the House, if the impartiality of the constitutional sovereign in not to be in danger of compromise, the arguments are considerations of insurance policy and propriety which it in for him to weigh on each particular occasion they are not level-headed restrictions which a Court of law, interpreting the relevant provisions of the Constitution, can import into the written document and make it his legal duty to observe.To sum up, there are many food arguments to discourage a Governor from exercising his power of removal except upon indisputable evidence of actual voting in the House, but it is nonetheless impossible to say that situations cannot arise in which these arguments are outweighed by considerations which afford-to the Governor the evidence he is to look for, even without the testimony of recorded votes. Another argument has been advanced to the effect that the Nigerian Constitutions are modelled on the current constitutional doctrines of the United Kingdom, and, since the Briti sh Sovereign would not be regarded as acting with constitutional propriety in dismissing a Prime Minister from office without the foundation of an adverse vote on a major issue in the House of Commons, so the Governor in Western Nigeria must similarly be treated as precluded from exercising his power of removal in the absence of a vote of the awe kind.This approach to the matter appears to their Lordships to have had some influence upon the view taken by the majority of the Federal Supreme Court in this case, and, since it seems capable of conveying an implication that could be misleading in other situations apart from the present one, their Lordships wish to make two observations upon it. The first is that British constitutional history does not offer any but a general negative bear as to the circumstances in which a Sovereign can dismiss a Prime Minister. Since the principles which are accepted today began to take shape with the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 no British Sove reign has in fact dismissed or removed a Prime Minister, even allowing for the ambiguous exchanges which took place between William IV and Lord Melbourne in 1834.Discussion of constitutional doctrine bearing upon a Prime Ministers loss of support in the House of Commons concentrates therefore upon a Prime Ministers duty to ask for conversancy to resign or for a dissolution, rather than upon the Sovereigns right of removal, an exercise of which is not treated as being within the scope of practical politics. In this state of affairs it is vain to look to British source for guidance upon the circumstances in which or the evidential material upon which a Prime Minister can be dismissed, where dismissal is an actual possibility and the right or removal which is explicitly recognised in the Nigerian Constitutions must be interpreted according to the wording of its own limitations and not to limitations which that wording does not import. . t is in the end the wording of the Constitutio n itself that is to be interpreted and applied, and this wording can never be overridden by the extraneous principles of other Constitutions which are not explicitly incorporated in the formulae that have been chosen as the frame of this Constitution. In my view the Privy Councils judgment relating to the Constitution of Nigeria does not apply to the Constitution of Sarawak because of the following distinguishing features and circumstances (1) In the Nigerian case it was mathematically beyond question that more than half the House no longer supported the Premier. (2) The measurement in Nigeria was a measurement of support, not of confidence. The Sarawak Constitution is dated subsequent to the decision of Adegbenro v.Akintola, and it does seem to me that the confidence of a majority of members, being a term of art, may imply reference to a vote such as a vote of confidence or a vote on a major issue. (3) In Nigeria it was not disputed that the Governor had express power to remove th e Premier from office if he no longer commanded support. (4) In Nigeria the Governor had express power to assess the situation as it appeared to him. (5) In Nigeria all Ministers, including the Premier, held office during the Governors pleasure although there was an important proviso to this. All the above five points were peculiar to Nigeria, and not one of them applies to Sarawak. These distinguishing features force me in the present case to a conclusion converse to the Privy Council decision.It seems to me that by the provisions of the Sarawak Constitution, lack of confidence may be demonstrated only by a vote in Council Negri. Men who put their names to a Top Secret letter may well hesitate to vote publicly in support of their private views. The third of the five points listed above ostensibly requires further consideration. Has the Governor in Sarawak power at all to dismiss the Chief Minister? In considering this question, we may start with s. 21 of the Interpretation Ordinan ce, the general effect of which is that where there is power to appoint (and it is not disputed that the Governor has power to appoint a Chief Minister) there is power to dismiss.However, where the appointment is subject to the approval . of some other person the power of dismissal shall only be exercisable. subject to the approval. of such other person. If the appointment of a Chief Minister is subject to the approval of Council Negri, then by this s. 21 dismissal also would be subject to its approval. Further, in principle, Council Negri should manage its own affairs. A Governor is limited by article 6(3) of the Constitution to appointing as Chief Minister a member of Council Negri who in his judgment is likely to command its confidence (and approval) thereafter it follows, by s. 21 of the Interpretation Ordinance, that only hen Council Negri has shown lack of confidence (and lack of approval), can the Governors power to dismiss, if it exists, be exercised. Of course, if the Sar awak Constitution lays down that a Chief Minister may not be dismissed at all, then the defendants have no case and the Interpretation Ordinance cannot apply. The Sarawak Constitution does in fact direct in article 7(3) that all Ministers other than the Chief Minister hold office at the Governors pleasure. According to Mr. Le Quesne this means that Ministers other than the Chief Minister may be dismissed at the Governors pleasure, whereas the Chief Minister may only be dismissed for cause.If the cause for dismissal is limited to the case of an adverse vote, then this interpretation does not help defendants. In my view, however, the suggested interpretation is altogether false. Article 7(3) clearly means that the Governor may dismiss Ministers but may not dismiss the Chief Minister in any circumstances. A lot has been said about the duty and powers and discretion of the Governor. His paramount duty is to act in accordance with the advice of the Supreme Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority of the Council. (Article 10(1). There are two occasions when the Governor has a discretion, that is, when he can act without, or even contrary to, the advice of the Supreme Council.Those occasions are in the performance of the following functions (a) the appointment of a Chief Minister (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of the Council Negri. (Article 10 (2) ). As regards (a), nobody could be so foolish as to suggest that a Governor could appoint a second Chief Minister while there was still one in office. As regards (b), this probably has in mind a situation of splinter parties, as has been the case in France, when a general election could not be expected to show an overall majority for any one party. In Sarawak, it seems to me that a Chief Minister may advise a dissolution, even though he has not as yet lost the confidence of Council Negri. In such circumstances, the Governors refusal to dissolve might be conventionall y unconstitutional, although not illegal.To revert to the affinity of the Constitutions of Sarawak and of Nigeria, these Constitutions are so different that a contrast in powers must be intended in Sarawak the Chief Ministers dismissal is quite simply beyond the powers of the Governor. If the Constitution, however, should be construed as giving to the Governor a power to dismiss, that power can only be exercised and I think that this was conceded by Mr. Le Quesne when both (a) the Chief Minister has lost the confidence of the House, and (b) the Chief Minister has refused to resign and failed to advise a dissolution. I have already dealt with (a) as regards (b), I do not think that the Chief Minister of Sarawak was ever given a reasonable opportunity to tender his resignation or to request a dissolution.He was never even shown the letter on which the dismissal was based until Court proceedings started, although it is true that at the flake of dismissal a list of signatories was sent to him with the letter from the Governor dated 17 June that list and that letter were typed on the same date as the publication in the Gazette of the dismissal of the plaintiff, who was given no time at all to consider the weight or effect of the move against him. Plaintiff did not refuse to resign he merely expressed doubts whether in fact he had ceased to command a majority and requested that the matter be put to the constitutional test. A word may be said on what is the position if a Chief Minister has in fact ceased to command the confidence of a majority, and yet refuses to resign. In this situation at least, Mr.Le Quesne claims that the Governor must have a right of dismissal otherwise the Constitution would be unworkable. Mr. Le Quesnes argument in effect is if there is a gap, it must be filled if there is no express power to enforce the resignation of a Chief Minister, that power must by implication lie with the Governor. I do not agree that stopgaps can be, as it were, improvised. In article 1 of the Constitution, a gap would appear to exist whenever the necessary address to remove the Governor is made to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and the lattery refuses to dismiss him. Just because a Chief Minister or a Governor does not go when he ought to go is not sufficient reason for implying in the Constitution an enforcing power vested in some individual.R is, however, reasonable that in certain situations the Courts could expound the Constitution by declaratory judgments. Articles or clauses to cover all situations need not be set out in a Constitution because the residue of discretionary power is left in the Courts. Extraordinary situations do not often arise, and need not be met or considered until they do. dodgy has a whole chapter on The Sanction by which the Conventions of the Constitution are enforced. (Chapter XV The law of the Constitution AV Dicey (10th Edn. ) pp 444 to 457. ) . the nation expects that a Minister who cannot retain the confiden ce of the House of Commons, shall give up his place, and no Premier even dreams of disappointing these expectations. (at p. 44) But the sanction which constrains the boldest political adventurer to obey the fundamental principles of the constitution and the conventions in which these principles are expressed, is the fact that the breach of principles and of these conventions will almost immediately bring the offender into conflict with the Courts and the law of the land. (at p. 445) . .. the one essential principle of the constitution is obedience by all persons to the deliberately expressed will of the House of Commons in the first instance, and ultimately to the will of the nation as expressed through Parliament. (at p. 456) Of course, therefore, a Minister or a Ministry must resign if the House passes a vote of call for of confidence. (at p. 457) Dicey is speaking of the British Constitution, but the same principles apply mutatis mutandis to the Constitution of Sarawak. The constitutional way out both for a British Prime Minister and for a Sarawak Chief Minister is not by dismissal but by resignation.We need not speculate on what would happen if occasion arose for a resignation, and a Chief Minister refused to resign. In the instant case, the Chief Minister has not refused to resign, and there is no power to dismiss him. He has already indicated through his Counsel that he was prepared to consider a dissolution and presently an election. That political solution may well be the only way to avoid a multiplicity of legal complications. Possibly all parties, and the people of this nation, in whom sovereignty is supposed to lie, will wish the same solution. In some political situations a judicial duty to rule upon the legal merits of the case may have to be accepted as an inescapable obligation .In an atmosphere highly charged with political tension the task of the Judges may be acutely embarrassing, especially if they are called upon to decide between two claimants to legitimate political power, of whom one commands the effective means of imposing his will and the other is able to marshal equally or more persuasive legal arguments. (The New demesne and its Constitutions SA de Smith, p. 87) Embarrassing as it may be, my task is simply to interpret the written word of the Constitution. On such interpretation the case presented in the statement of claim is unchallengeable. There will be judgment for the plaintiff as prayed. Judgment for the plaintiff.

Strain Theories

Strain theories look done a structural scope to examine crime in society. When people fail to meet social goals, they whole tone a filter in their lives. An cast up in strain can lead to an increase in crime.Strain can be felt throughout any community, large or small. Im from a town of 3,000 people in rural Iowa. Even though it is much smaller than a city such as Denver, problems with crime and delinquency still exist. A summer drought reduces the loot during harvest and leads to much strain throughout the community since agriculture is the main industry. This puts the whole town into a sort of slum, which leads to increased crime and delinquency. For example, low-waged employees steal from employers or neighbors due to their frustration everywhere lack of income. Teenagers oft commit more vandalism and petty thefts since their parents are spending more time at the bump to distract themselves from the harsh times and less time at home with family.According to Mertons strain theory, anomie is the inability to satisfy natural appetites such as wealth and social status. When people from my community feel anomie, they tend to fall into the retreatism menage of the five adaptions. They consider the work they do in the fields or time with their family a lost cause and turn to alcohol for their problems. There are plenty of regulars at the local bar because that is a place where they can escape their problems and gossip about others. This illegitimate cope mechanism might make them feel good for a short time, but it does them no advance over the long run.Another vantage point of crime is through general strain theory, which focuses on electro oppose relationships. Like I mentioned before, a drought is highly detrimental to agriculture and leads to a blockage of a positively valued goal. This might also fall under the anticipated strain category because farmers spend every day of the summer worrying about rain, and a lack of it builds up the strain they fee l. This creates an overall low social control over teenagers and it becomes especially bad when parents take out their frustrations over money on their children, as this leads to ahigh negative emotionality and low constrain- a.k.a. the perfect pattern for delinquency.The empirical article did a great job of summarizing strain theory. It reasoned that people feel negative emotions when they experience strain, and those negative emotions are likely to lead to illegitimate coping mechanisms. Once an individual begins victimization illegitimate coping mechanisms, it can be very difficult to change directions and use legitimate strategies. It in truth becomes a test of character when people experience strain, and the unfortunate fact-of-the-matter is that there will always be those who chose the wrong path in life.

Economic philosophies Essay

This paper will focus on the contributions of John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman to economic philosophies. Keynes is considered by many as the most famous and influential economist. Though having that veneration, a number of economists had been in opposition to the Keynesian take aim of thought. Among the forefront oppositions to the Keynesian economic philosophy is Milton Friedman, along with his accounts on monetarism.In his General Theory of Employment, amour and Money, Keynes laid out the foundations of his framework, which nearly all macroeconomists make use of today. This framework finds its basis on using up and demand, the factors that determine the components of spending, the liquidity-preference theory of short-run bear on rates, and the necessity of the government activity to make strategic but reigning interferences in the economy in order to persist it on balance and avoid the extremes of depression, as well up as manic excess (Delong, 2006).Keynes theory wa s said to be incomplete as it only deals with interest practice and money. There was no mention on the theory about prices. Friedman introduced the principles of prices and inflation to Keynes framework, based on the idea that there exists a natural rate of unemployment. Friedman also made mention of the limitations of government policies cast with regard to the stableness of the economy, taking into consideration the trend of its long-run growth.Friedman considered these as limits beyond which an hindrance from the government would trigger an inflation of uncontrollable and destructive nature (Delong, 2006). The events that took place during the Great Depression made Keynes and his Orthodox followers to underestimate the influence and role monetary policies have in making a operable solution (Delong, 2006). Keynesians are inclined to prefer fiscal policy to monetary policies as a hawkshaw to influence production and employment.They believed that money has no direct influence. Moreover, they question the power of monetary policies to influence employment and production (McCain, 2007). The Great Depression was indeed considered to be a unique event in history, which called for translation in terms of events rather than in pursuit for a new line of economic theory. i of the events that took place during the Great Depression was the failure of the money and banking system.Thus, the Great depression illustrates the influence of changing monetary conditions (McCain, 2007). Keynes and Friedman both agreed on the necessity of a superb macroeconomic management. The private economy, when on its own, strength be subjected to unbearable instability and that there is a necessity for a powerful, strategic, but limited intervention coming from the government in order to maintain stability within the economy (Delong, 2006).Though having these ideas in agreement, Friedman had been a staunch opposition to some of Keynes economic principles. According to Keynes, the ke y to maintaining economic stability is to keep government spending and private investments on stable grounds. Friedman, on the other hand, opined that the key to economic stability is keeping money supply, i. e. the amount of purchasing power, which are readily available to be spent by businesses and households stable (Delong, 2006).

The Abolitionist Movement and its Influence on the Civil War Research Paper

The Abolitionist Movement and its influence on the Civil War - Research Paper ExampleWorse than that was the way that they were treated. The Abolitionists believed in slaveholding being sin and that every American should rise against it until something was done about it. However, the clash between those who wished to finish slavery and those who wished to expand and extend the institution escalated (Hoffman). The latter did not believe in what the Abolitionists wanted that slavery be eradicated from America by gradually shipping out the slaves back to Africa. Instead, they thought that getting liberate of the slaves would result in chaos. There were practical economic and status advantages associated with slavery and racial oppression (Clark 239). Without the slaves, in that location would be no racial order and the people who worked in the cotton fields would have to be paid for their hard work. That would lead to a rise in the cotton prices or a minify in the profits earned as they would have to cover up the cost incurred of paying the wages. Thus, the complete process of finally managing to abolish slavery took a really long period of time. Of course, there were umteen people who worked hard to make their beliefs come true. One such man was Abraham Lincoln who later stop up becoming the President of the get together States of America. He is most popular for being a farthest sighted and open minded politician who saw and understood enough to realize that what was going on in his country was wrong, that the all in all tradition of buying people was against every morals that there are. He had the courage to go against the majority and work on trying to do what he thought was right. In fact, it was his passion for justice which led to him stepping in the political field and eventually running as president. However, he was not a conventional abolitionist. In fact, in the beginning, he was not an abolitionist all he just greatly disliked the whole co ncept behind slavery and spoke quite strongly about it. Initially, Abraham Lincoln had run several campaigns against expanding slavery into more states and territories. He had realized that the Constitution did not allow the American government to get rid of slavery completely so he could not do much about the Africans who already were part of the order and helped run the land smoothly without disrupting the whole process. But he could work on stopping it from happening in the future in places where there was no concept of slavery and the people were not dependent on the Africans to do their work for them. He has been recorded as been saying I have always hated slavery, I think as much as any Abolitionist (Burlingame). Even after he became the President, he tried to comprise those living in the South who were owners of many slaves with the Northerners who were the opposing party. This effort, of course, did not prove to be fruitful. It was later on during his political career som etime after he was elected as the President that he declared himself to be a supporter of the Abolitionist Movement and started working on using his power to control the injustice shown towards the Africans. The Civil War had started in 1861 due to the long-standing sectional differences and questions not fully resolved when the United States Constitution was ratified in 1789 the whole country was in turmoil (The Civil War). It was a socio-economic class later that Lincoln decided to put a stop to all that was happening. He